Solunto archaeological park in Sicily: life under mosaic tesserae

doi:10.7320/flmedit28.233

Cited by 8 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Previous studies have evaluated the antimicrobial activity of essential oils or their compounds against microorganisms on over-ground cultural heritage objects [39,40], mural paintings [41][42][43] or mosaic tesserae [44]. In detail, Stupar et al [39], in a similar approach with the current study, applied the microdilution method to define the MIC of O. vulgare, Rosmarinus officinalis and Lavantula angustifolia EOs in comparison with the conventional BAC on five fungal strains isolated from cultural heritage objects [39].…”

Section: Mic and Nic Of The Most Effective Eosmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…They have demonstrated that basil EO was the most effective against all the tested strains, able to inhibit their growth at 1.25 µL/mL (i.e., 0.125% v/v). Finally, Rotolo et al [44] have evaluated two EOs (Thymus vulgaris and O. vulgare preliminarily in vitro (agar disc diffusion method) and after ex situ and in situ to control the biofilm (bacteria, fungi, cyanobacteria and green algae) colonization on the mosaic tesserae in the Greco-Roman archeological site of Solunto, Sicily (Italy). T. vulgaris solution was proven to be the best diffused, strongly influencing the biofilm liveliness, however the tested concentration was high (15% EO).…”

Section: Mic and Nic Of The Most Effective Eosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Except from the aforementioned work of Iliev et al [38], no studies to our knowledge report treatment of cave microbiota with herbal biocides. In particular, studies including evaluation of EOs or their derivatives have been evaluated for cultural heritage conservation are limited and include studies mainly on over-ground cultural heritage objects [39,40], mural paintings [41][42][43] or mosaic tesserae [44].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Plant Origin Essential Oils as Herbal Biocides for the Protection of Caves Belonging to Natural and Cultural Heritage Sites

Argyri¹,

Doulgeraki²,

Varla³

et al. 2021

Microorganisms

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The present study concerns the serious issue of biodeterioration of the caves belonging to natural and cultural heritage sites due to the development of various microorganisms. Thus, a series of 18 essential oils (EOs) extracted from various Greek plants were evaluated in vitro (concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0% v/v) against 35 bacterial and 31 fungi isolates (isolated from a Greek cave) and the antimicrobial activity was evident through the changes in optical density of microbial suspensions. In continuance, eight (8) representative bacterial and fungal isolates were further used to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and non-inhibitory concentration (NIC) values of the most effective EOs. According to the results, two EOs of Origanum vulgare were the most effective by inhibiting the growth of all the tested microorganisms at 0.1% (v/v), followed by that of Satureja thymbra which inhibited all bacterial isolates at 0.1% (v/v) and fungal isolates at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5% (v/v) (depending on the isolate). The MIC ranged between 0.015–0.157 and 0.013–0.156 (v/v) for the bacterial and fungal isolates respectively, depending on the case. The current study demonstrated that conventional biocides may be replaced by herbal biocides with significant prospects for commercial exploitation.

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Section: Mic and Nic Of The Most Effective Eosmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Mic and Nic Of The Most Effective Eosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Evaluation of Plant Origin Essential Oils as Herbal Biocides for the Protection of Caves Belonging to Natural and Cultural Heritage Sites

Argyri¹,

Doulgeraki²,

Varla³

et al. 2021

Microorganisms

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show abstract

“…Three in vitro methods, Agar disc diffusion, Well-plates diffusion, and Microdilution in micro-titer plates [38,43,44] were performed:…”

Section: Antimicrobial Activity Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biotechnology and Cultural Heritage Conservation

Palla¹

2020

Heritage

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The deterioration of cultural asset is induced by biological, chemical, and physical factors, influenced by anthropogenic activity and environmental conditions. In this study, the contribution of biotechnology is emphasized to define the conservation strategy, for a marble Fountain (Two Dragons, XV century) located in Palermo city center, based on an integrated approach and eco-friendly procedures. Biotechnological protocols are preliminarily applied as an integrated approach, based on microscopy observation, in vitro culture and genomic DNA analysis to recognize and characterize microbial communities. Several biological systems have been identified: green algae (Chlorella) and cyanobacteria (Cyanobium, Oscillatoria); bacteria (Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Paracoccus); fungi (Alternaria, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Phoma, Fusarium, Cladosporium). In order to address biological colonization, the commercial Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) and laboratory-distilled (Calamintha nepeta and Allium sativum) EOs, have been assayed by in vitro Agar disc diffusion, Well-plates diffusion, and Micro-dilution methods; the result allows to define the most appropriate EOs concentration to use. In a green conservation prospective, this study highlighted that EOs can potentially replace the traditional biocides, but the activity must be preliminary evaluated by centring the choose specifically on each microbial taxon identified.

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“…Gas chromatographic analysis reveal several bioactive molecules such as carvacrol and thymol, beside cineol and thymol methilester, p-cymene and terpinol, borneol, geraniol, linalool alcohols, acetate and linalyl esters. Particularly, essential oils of O. vulgare and T. vulgaris were successful applied to counteract fungal colonization (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum) or insect infestation (Anobium punctatum) on wooden artworks [12][13][14], as well as to affect the development and vitality of a complex biofilm revealed under the tiles of the mosaic floor in the Solunto Archaeological Park, Sicily [15]. Furthermore, I. crithmoides EO shows antibacterial activity vs Georgenia sp., Ornthinibacillus sp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Products as Biocides for Conservation of Cultural Asset Sustainable for Human and Environmental Health

Palla¹

2022

J. Basic Appl. Sci.

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In the last decades plants products are increasingly used also in defining innovative procedures for sustainable conservation of cultural heritage. Particularly, essential oils or hydro-alcoholic extracts have been fruitful applied to contrast microbial colonization on organic and inorganic artworks or insect infestation (Anobidae) having regard to the repellent action. In this paper, extracts from Asteraceae and Lamiaceae plant families are utilized to counteract widespread microbial colonization (bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi) due to their antimicrobial activity. In order to define the adequate concentration correlating it to microbial species detected, the antimicrobial activity of natural products is preliminary in vitro assayed by Agar Disc and Well Plate Diffusion methods. Moreover, an integrated approach based on morphological analysis (optical, scanning and confocal electron microscopy), in vitro cultures (Nutrient or Sabouraud agar) and molecular investigation (genomic microbial DNA extraction, sequencing and sequence analysis) are routinely performed for the identification of largest number of microbial taxa. Besides, to enhance the antimicrobial activity different protocols have been performed, such as for Thymus vulgaris products directly applied on wooden sculpture surface as hydro-alcoholic extract, followed by exposure, in a dedicated chamber, to the volatile compound of the corresponding Essential Oil. In other case studies, the exposure to volatile compounds of Crithmum maritmum, Inula critmoides, Thymus vulgaris and Origanum vulgare essential oils was performed under controlled vacuum conditions, comparing the effects to environmental condition exposure. These studies confirm the possible use of plant extracts in replacing synthetic chemical biocides, in full respect of human health and environment sustainability.

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Solunto archaeological park in Sicily: life under mosaic tesserae

Cited by 8 publications

References 11 publications

Evaluation of Plant Origin Essential Oils as Herbal Biocides for the Protection of Caves Belonging to Natural and Cultural Heritage Sites

Evaluation of Plant Origin Essential Oils as Herbal Biocides for the Protection of Caves Belonging to Natural and Cultural Heritage Sites

Biotechnology and Cultural Heritage Conservation

Plant Products as Biocides for Conservation of Cultural Asset Sustainable for Human and Environmental Health

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