Solvent-based de-emulsification dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of palladium in environmental samples and determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Multielement Analytical Spectroscopy in Plant Ionomics Research

“…This elemental scope could be reasonably reduced by at least a factor of 2 for real concentrations of trace elements at background levels: Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, and Zn in sample digests or leachates by FAAS without preconcentration; Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, and Zn by ETAAS in digests, slurries, or solid microsamples (≤0.2-0.5 mg); and As, Hg, Sb, and Se in digests/leachates by VGAAS or VG-ETAAS. Enrichment by means of liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), mainly as dithiocarbamates in batch or FI mode (131,139,(155)(156)(157) or elsewhere by coprecipitation in FI-FAAS or FI-ETAAS (131,139) and other preconcentration approaches extends the number of elements determined and helps to improve LODs by 1-2 orders of magnitude (147,148).…”

Vortex-assisted low density solvent liquid–liquid microextraction and salt-induced demulsification coupled to high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of five organophosphorus pesticide residues in fruits

“…These include (i) the use of hazardous chlorinated solvents having density higher than water [15], and (ii) the use of dispersive solvents, resulting in decreased partition coefficients of analytes into the extraction solvent [16]. Another limitation of DLLME is the extra time required for the centrifugation step.…”

“…Recently, demulsified DLLME has been introduced with its advantages of simplicity and fast extraction [15,[22][23][24]. In demulsified DLLME, the demulsifier is added to facilitate the phase separation of the aqueous phase and the organic extraction phase, thus the centrifugation step is omitted.…”

“…This approach still suffers from the decreased partition coefficients of analytes into the extraction solvent [15,[22][23][24].…”

Ultrasound-assisted supramolecular dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drops for preconcentration of palladium in water and road dust samples

“…Palladium and its alloys have found essential importance in many different fields for an extensive range of applications such as in the automobile, electronics, metallurgy, catalytic converters, dental and medical prostheses, and jewelry manufacture. Some palladium compounds have been reported as highly toxic and carcinogenic to humans, and easily transported to biological material and ultimately intensified along the food chain [2]. Therefore, very sensitive techniques are necessary for determination of trace amounts of Pd ions such as electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy and flame atomic absorption spectrometry techniques.…”