Solvent effects on two-line atomic fluorescence of indium

Chan, Qing Nian; Medwell, Paul R.; Kalt, P.; Alwahabi, Zeyad T.; Dally, Bassam B.; Nathan, Graham J.

doi:10.1364/ao.49.001257

Cited by 21 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Traditionally, the atomic species has been introduced to the flame by dissolving a salt that contains the atomic species, e.g., InCl 3 in the case of indium, in a liquid and thereafter use a pneumatic nebulizer to introduce metal halide particles into the flame to produce indium atoms after evaporation [20]. However, it may be difficult to accurately control the seeding concentration and the metal halide particles will not generate any free atoms until they pass through the flame.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diode laser-based thermometry using two-line atomic fluorescence of indium and gallium

et al. 2017

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the requirements listed above, is two-line atomic fluorescence (TLAF) [4][5][6]. TLAF is a laser-based ratiometric technique, in which the temperature-dependent population of two lower lying electronic states, of a seeded atom, is probed by laser excitation and the ratio of the resulting fluorescence is correlated with the temperature of the gas. TLAF offers several beneficial features for temperature measurements in reactive flows. Firstly, no a priori knowledge of the combustion environment is necessary as the technique is independent of quenching due to the excitation to a common upper state [7]. Secondly, the use of an atomic species as temperature marker offers advantages such as providing high transition probabilities yielding strong fluorescence signals as well as being free from errors related to vibrational and rotational energy transfer existing in molecules [8,9]. Thirdly, TLAF also has the possibility for thermometry measurements in sooting and particulate-laden flames as the detection wavelength can be shifted from the excitation wavelength [10,11]. The disadvantage of TLAF is that an atomic species, not normally present in the flame, has to be introduced which may add complexities to the experimental set-up.Two-line atomic fluorescence has been developed in steps where the first theoretical ground work was conducted by Alkemade [7] and experimentally demonstrated shortly thereafter using atomic lamps [12,13]. With the advent of suitable lasers, TLAF became a tool for temperature measurements with imaging capabilities in non-steady environments [4,10,11,[14][15][16]. Recently, TLAF measurement has been extended from the linear regime to non-linear regime by Medwell et al. [4] and to the saturation regime by Manteghi et al. [14] in an attempt to maximize the fluorescence signal for instantaneous temperature measurements. With the improvement in regards to available power and wavelengths of diode lasers, TLAF measurements using diode lasers have been shown to give accurate temperatures in both low-pressure and atmospheric Abstract A robust and relatively compact calibration-free thermometric technique using diode lasers two-line atomic fluorescence (TLAF) for reactive flows at atmospheric pressures is investigated. TLAF temperature measurements were conducted using indium and, for the first time, gallium atoms as temperature markers. The temperature was measured in a multi-jet burner running methane/air flames providing variable temperatures ranging from 1600 to 2000 K. Indium and gallium were found to provide a similar accuracy of ~ 2.7% and precision of ~ 1% over the measured temperature range. The reliability of the TLAF thermometry was further tested by performing simultaneous rotational CARS measurements in the same experiments.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diode laser-based thermometry using two-line atomic fluorescence of indium and gallium

et al. 2017

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“…This corresponds to approximately 3% of the population existing in the excited level at a temperature of 800 K, making it an appropriate element for temperature measurement. Indium at concentrations ∼100 ppm may be introduced by several means: as sublimated In(CH 3 ) 3 vapor (Borggren et al, 2017), dissolved in water or ethanol as InCl 3 (Medwell et al, 2009a(Medwell et al, , 2014Chan et al, 2010;Evans et al, 2019d), or introduced directly into the gas-phase as nanoparticles through ablation (Chan et al, 2012;Medwell et al, 2012;Gu et al, 2015). All three seeding methods, however, require atomic indium to be liberated from salt or nanoparticles for TLAF measurements.…”

Section: Thermography In Sooting and Spray Flamesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding and Interpreting Laser Diagnostics in Flames: A Review of Experimental Measurement Techniques

Evans

Medwell

2019

Front. Mech. Eng.

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There is a wealth of existing experimental data of flames collected using laser diagnostics. The primary objective of this review is to provide context and guidance in interpreting these laser diagnostic data. This educational piece is intended to benefit those new to laser diagnostics or with specialization in other facets of combustion science, such as computational modeling. This review focuses on laser-diagnostics in the context of the commonly used canonical jet-in-hot-coflow (JHC) burner, although the content is applicable to a wide variety of configurations including, but not restricted to, simple jet, bluff body, swirling and stratified flames. The JHC burner configuration has been used for fundamental studies of moderate or intense low oxygen dilution (MILD) combustion, autoignition and flame stabilization in hot environments. These environments emulate sequential combustion or exhaust gas recirculation. The JHC configuration has been applied in several burners for parametric studies of MILD combustion, flame reaction zone structure, behavior of fuels covering a significant range of chemical complexity, and the collection of data for numerical model validation. Studies of unconfined JHC burners using gaseous fuels have employed point-based Rayleigh-Raman or two-dimensional Rayleigh scattering measurements for the temperature field. While the former also provides simultaneous measurements of major species concentrations, the latter has often been used in conjunction with planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) to simultaneously provide quantitative or qualitative measurements of radical and intermediary species. These established scattering-based thermography techniques are not, however, effective in droplet or particle laden flows, or in confined burners with significant background scattering. Techniques including coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and non-linear excitation regime two-line atomic fluorescence (NTLAF) have, however, been successfully demonstrated in both sooting and spray flames. This review gives an overview of diagnostics techniques undertaken in canonical burners, with the intention of providing an introduction to laser-based measurements in combustion. The efficacy, applicability and accuracy of the experimental techniques are also discussed, with examples from studies of flames in JHC burners. Finally, current and future directions for studies of flames using the JHC configuration including spray flames and studies and elevated pressures are summarized.

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“…The combustion environment may be influenced by the use of solvent based seeding systems, due to changes in a) Email address: Zhongshan.Li@forbrf.lth.se flame temperature or flame chemistry. [5][6][7] Recently, Manteghi et al 8 reported seeding of InCl 3 powder with a smart particle seeding design, the conversion to indium atoms is still limited to hot region but the utilization of solvent solution was circumvented. Investigations have also been made to seed indium atoms in a flow stream by laser ablation of metallic indium, with detection of the ground state indium via laserinduced fluorescence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vapor phase tri-methyl-indium seeding system suitable for high temperature spectroscopy and thermometry

Whiddon

Zhou

Borggren

et al. 2015

Review of Scientific Instruments

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Link to publicationCitation for published version (APA): Whiddon, R., Zhou, B., Borggren, J., Aldén, M., & Li, Z. (2015). Vapor phase tri-methyl-indium seeding system suitable for high temperature spectroscopy and thermometry. Review of Scientific Instruments, 86(9), [093107]. DOI: 10.1063/1.4930123 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.• Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.• You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Tri-methyl-indium (TMI) is used as an indium transport molecule to introduce indium atoms to reactive hot gas flows/combustion environments for spectroscopic diagnostics. A seeding system was constructed to allow the addition of an inert TMI laden carrier gas into an air/fuel mixture burning consequently on a burner. The amount of the seeded TMI in the carrier gas can be readily varied by controlling the vapor pressure through the temperature of the container. The seeding process was calibrated using the fluorescent emission intensity from the indium 6 2 S 1/2 → 5 2 P 1/2 and 6 2 S 1/2 → 5 2 P 3/2 transitions as a function of the calculated TMI seeding concentration over a range of 2-45 ppm. The response was found to be linear over the range 3-22.5 ppm; at concentrations above 25 ppm there is a loss of linearity attributable to self-absorption or loss of saturation of TMI vapor pressure in the carrier gas flow. When TMI was introduced into a post-combustion environment via an inert carrier gas, molecular transition from InH and InOH radicals were observed in the flame emission spectrum. Combined laser-induced fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy were applied to detect indium atoms in the TMI seeded flame and the measured atomic indium concentration was found to be at the ppm level. This method of seeding organometallic vapor like TMI to a reactive gas flow demonstrates the feasibility for quantitative spectroscopic investigations that may be applicable in various fields, e.g., chemical vapor deposition applications or temperature measurement in flames with two-line atomic fluorescence. C 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.[http://dx

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Solvent effects on two-line atomic fluorescence of indium

Cited by 21 publications

References 37 publications

Diode laser-based thermometry using two-line atomic fluorescence of indium and gallium

Diode laser-based thermometry using two-line atomic fluorescence of indium and gallium

Understanding and Interpreting Laser Diagnostics in Flames: A Review of Experimental Measurement Techniques

Vapor phase tri-methyl-indium seeding system suitable for high temperature spectroscopy and thermometry

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