Solvent-free K–CaO/Ca(OH)2 mixed-phase nanocatalytic single-step methanolysis, ethanolysis and aminolysis of Pongamia pinnata triglycerides

Kumar, Dinesh; Park, Chan Hee; Kim, Cheol Sang

doi:10.1016/j.scp.2020.100317

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Similarly, a ubiquitous tree known as Pongamia pinnata is abundantly available in various parts of the world [ 23 ]. A shell covers Pongamia pinnata seeds, and after drying the seeds, the shell becomes hard enough to be ground into a powder form to be subjected to oil extraction [ 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilisation of Non-Edible Source (Pongamia pinnata Seeds Shells) for Producing Methyl Esters as Cleaner Fuel in the Presence of a Novel Heterogeneous Catalyst Synthesized from Waste Eggshells

Al-Muhtaseb

2021

Molecules

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Waste eggshells were considered for synthesising a precursor (CaO) for a heterogeneous catalyst, further impregnated by alkali caesium oxide (Cs2O). The following techniques were used to characterise the synthesised catalysts: X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Temperature Programmed Desorption (CO2-TPD). The synthesised catalyst revealed its suitability for transesterification to produce biodiesel. The biodiesel production process was optimised, and it showed that the optimal biodiesel yield is 93.59%. The optimal set of process parameters is process temperature 80 °C, process time 90 min, methanol-to-oil molar ratio 8 and catalyst loading 3 wt.%. It has been found that the high basicity of the catalyst tends to give a high biodiesel yield at low methanol-to-oil ratio 8 when the reaction time is also less (90 min). The fuel properties of biodiesel also satisfied the standard limits defined by ASTM and the EN standards. Thus, the synthesised catalyst from waste eggshells is highly active, improved the biodiesel production conditions and PPSS oil is a potential nonedible source.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%