Solvent-free slack wax de-oiling—Physical limits

Kuszlik, Andrzej K.; Meyer, G.; Heezen, P.A.M.; Stepanski, Manfred

doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2010.01.009

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In this regard, the purity of the raw materials and additives used can play a key role because raw materials which have not been adequately refined can contain some precursors which promote the formation of pollutants once the candle wax is burnt. Paraffin waxes constitute the major bulk of crude oil based crystalline waxes and are really important for industrial applications; more than 50 % of the worldwide wax production is used for candles manufacturing (Kuszlik et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emission of air pollutants from burning candles with different composition in indoor environments

Derudi

Gelosa

Sliepcevich

et al. 2013

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Candle composition is expected to influence the air pollutants emissions, possibly leading to important differences in the emissions of volatile organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In this regard, the purity of the raw materials and additives used can play a key role. Consequently, in this work emission factors for some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic species, short-chain aldehydes and particulate matter have been determined for container candles constituted by different paraffin waxes burning in a test chamber. It has been found that wax quality strongly influences the air pollutant emissions. These results could be used, at least at a first glance, to foresee the expected pollutant concentration in a given indoor environment with respect to health safety standards, while the test chamber used for performing the reported results could be useful to estimate the emission factors of any other candle in an easy-to-build standardised environment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emission of air pollutants from burning candles with different composition in indoor environments

Derudi

Gelosa

Sliepcevich

et al. 2013

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Paraffin wax is a common type of candle wax that contains heavy hydrocarbon chains with carbon chain lengths that can be greater than 50 (C 50 ). (42) This may explain why the effect of burning candles in only 6 of the 45 sampling periods in this study (13%) was sufficient enough to have a significant increase in indoor BC. Interestingly, despite the relatively large proportion of study homes with lit candles (26%), there was no statistically significant increase in indoor BC attributable to lit candles in the study by Baxter et al (31) A reason for this discrepancy could be that some types of candles emit negligible amounts of BC.…”

Section: Housing Characteristics/occupant Activities Associated With An Increase In Indoor Bcmentioning

confidence: 78%

Predicting indoor concentrations of black carbon in residential environments

Isiugo

Jandarov

Cox

et al. 2019

Atmospheric Environment

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Black carbon (BC) is a descriptive term that refers to light-absorbing particulate matter (PM) produced by incomplete combustion and is often used as a surrogate for traffic-related air pollution. Exposure to BC has been linked to adverse health effects. Penetration of ambient BC is typically the primary source of indoor BC in the developed world. Other sources of indoor BC include biomass and kerosene stoves, lit candles, and charring food during cooking. Home characteristics can influence the levels of indoor BC. As people spend most of their time indoors, human exposure to BC can be associated to a large extent with indoor environments. At the same time, due to the cost of environmental monitoring, it is often not feasible to directly measure BC inside multiple individual homes in large-scale population-based studies. Thus, a predictive model for indoor BC is needed to support risk assessment in public health. In this study, home characteristics and occupant activities that potentially modify indoor levels of BC were documented in 23 homes, and indoor and outdoor BC concentrations were measured twice. The homes were located in the Cincinnati-Kentucky-Indiana tristate region and measurements occurred from September 2015 through August 2017. A linear mixed-effect model was developed to predict BC concentration in residential environments. The measured outdoor BC concentrations and the documented home characteristics were utilized as predictors of indoor BC concentrations. After the model was developed, a leave-one-out cross-validation algorithm was deployed to assess the *

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“…Crystalline paraffin waxes are solid and crystalline mixtures of hydrocarbons consisting of linear n-alkane and branched iso- and cyclo-alkanes with carbon lengths ranging from C 16 to C 30 and higher [16,17]. The paraffin crystallites seem to act as nucleation sites for diamond and carbon nanotube growth in the presence of hydrocarbon radicals and atomic hydrogen in the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) system, resulting in microcrystalline diamond-carbon nanotube films [18].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-step route to diamond-nanotube composite

et al. 2012

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Candle wax was used as a precursor for the production of a diamond-nanotube composite in a single step. The composite films were fabricated by sulfur-assisted hot-filament chemical vapor deposition technique. The morphology of the composite films was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Raman spectra of the films show characteristic diamond band at 1,332 cm−1, D-band around 1,342 cm−1, and graphitic G-band around 1,582 cm−1. The electron energy-loss spectroscopy recorded at the carbon K-edge region shows signature features of diamond and carbon nanotube in the fabricated material. The ability to synthesize diamond-nanotube composites at relatively low temperatures by a single-step process opens up new possibilities for the fabrication of nanoelectronic devices.

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Solvent-free slack wax de-oiling—Physical limits

Cited by 15 publications

References 2 publications

Emission of air pollutants from burning candles with different composition in indoor environments

Emission of air pollutants from burning candles with different composition in indoor environments

Predicting indoor concentrations of black carbon in residential environments

Single-step route to diamond-nanotube composite

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