“…To address this challenge, by considering both winning probability and conditional profit, Tan et al [10] broadened standard auction models by introducing the Cobb-Douglas function, enabling a more intricate evaluation of bidder preferences. Owing to the great complexity of BGPs in nature, most research has considered various factors such as capacity [7], auction game strategy [8], route optimization and collaborative transportation [5,6,9], bi-level programming and bundle generation problems (BuGP) [11,12], the online combinatorial auction (CA) [13,14], truckload (TL) transportation [5,[15][16][17], and fourth-party logistics (4PL) [18,19].…”