Solvothermal Synthesis of CuFe₂O₄@rGO: Efficient Catalyst for C‐O Cross Coupling and N‐arylation Reaction under Ligand‐Free Condition

Abstract

In this paper, we report copper ferrite supported reduced graphene oxide (CuFe2O4@rGO) synthesis by solvothermal process. The prepared CuFe2O4@rGO catalyst was used for C‐O and C‐N cross coupling reactions. The activity of the catalyst was compared with commercial Cu2O, CuOand CuFe2O4 for C‐O cross coupling of iodobenzene with phenol. CuFe2O4@rGO was the best catalyst with 97% conversion towards iodobenzene at 100°C under ligand free condition which is otherwise normally used. The virgin and five times reused CuFe2O4@rGO catalyst was characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, TEM, N2‐adsorption desorption isotherm, XPS and TGA analysis. The effect of solvent, nature of base, speed of agitation, mole ratio, catalyst loading and temperature was studied for phenol and iodobenzene reaction and its activity was further explored in N‐arylation of indole with idobenzene. The best conversion and yield were achieved at 100 °C at 1×10‐3 g/cm3 catalyst loading. Notably, CuFe2O4@rGO was reusable without any loss of catalytic activity for five recycles. Reaction mechanism and kinetics are also presented. The overall process is novel and green.

Recent Advancement of Ullmann Condensation Coupling Reaction in the Formation of Aryl-Oxygen (C-O) Bonding by Copper-Mediated Catalyst

“…The optimization showed that the best agitation rate 600 rpm and only 1 × 10 −3 g/cm 3 of CuFe 2 O 4 @RGO catalyst is needed to obtain the highest yield of the products (Scheme 19). The kinetic study of the C-O bond formation was the second-order rate of reaction where the activation energy was observed to be 14.36 kcal/mol, and the catalyst could be reused up to five times without losing its catalytic activity ( Figure 8) [57].…”

“…Catalysts 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 51 rpm and only 1 × 10 −3 g/cm 3 of CuFe2O4@RGO catalyst is needed to obtain the highest yield of the products (Scheme 19). The kinetic study of the C-O bond formation was the second-order rate of reaction where the activation energy was observed to be 14.36 kcal/mol, and the catalyst could be reused up to five times without losing its catalytic activity ( Figure 8) [57]. In a continuous study on the preparation of new recoverable magnetic nanoparticles, Iman Radfar et al proposed a new magnetic nanoparticle functionalized sugar onto the silicon dioxide solid (Scheme 20).…”

High Performance of Manganese Porphyrin Sensitized p-Type CuFe2O4 Photocathode for Solar Water Splitting to Produce Hydrogen in a Tandem Photoelectrochemical Cell

“…Each Fe 2p lines can be deconvolved into two peaks, as shown in Figure S1A. The doublets of Fe 2p 3/2 binding energy at 710.4 eV and Fe 2p 1/2 binding energy at 723.7 eV are assigned to the Fe 3+ ions in octahedral sites, while the doublets of Fe 2p 3/2 binding energy at 712.8 eV and Fe 2p 1/2 binding energy at 725.7 eV are assigned to Fe 3+ ions in tetrahedral sites [26]. Moreover, the relative contributions to the overall intensity of Fe 3+ ions at the octahedral and tetrahedral sites are 40% and 60%, calculated from the ratio of peak area.…”

Functionalization of graphene oxide with a hybrid P, N ligand for immobilizing and stabilizing economical and non-toxic nanosized CuO: an efficient, robust and reusable catalyst for the C–O coupling reaction inO-arylation of phenol

“…50–52 However, such systems have been rarely used for C–O bond forming reactions for the formation of diaryl ethers. 3,6,53–56…”