Somalia: An Overview of the Historical and Current Situation

Khayre, Ahmed Ali M.

doi:10.2139/ssrn.2771125

Cited by 4 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Before the colonial partition of Somali territories, there was no permanent centralized authority but a variety of local administrations and occasional centralized rules (Khayre, 2017). In 1956 Italian Somalia land and 1960 British Somalia land conducted the first democratic election where the Somali Youth League (SYL) and the Somali National League (SNL) won the overwhelming majority of seats in the assembly of each unit respectively.…”

Section: Somalia As Collapsed Statementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 1956 Italian Somalia land and 1960 British Somalia land conducted the first democratic election where the Somali Youth League (SYL) and the Somali National League (SNL) won the overwhelming majority of seats in the assembly of each unit respectively. After the independence and unification of two Somalia lands, Somalia enjoyed nine years of parliamentary democracy, arguably producing the first peaceful, democratic transfer of power in Africa (Khayre, 2017). The first Somali constitution of 1960, functional till 1969, safeguarded most of the human rights enshrined in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights and provided multiparty election.…”

Section: Somalia As Collapsed Statementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Backed by foreign intervention, Siad Barre destroyed institutions of government and democracy, abused human rights, committed corruption in terms of favouritism and embezzlement for himself and his sub-clan where all of the major clans and sub-clans became alienated (Rotberg, 2004). Instead of winning the battle of ideas, the military tried to use might where populism shifted to militarism and politicization and militarization of clan politics (Khayre, 2017), and the military regime was removed from power in 1991 via a coup.…”

Section: Somalia As Collapsed Statementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since 1991, Somalia has been the only United Nations member country without an effective governmentcollapsed state. Consequently, civil war, terrorism, lawlessness, and piracy plague the country that is in perpetual turmoil (Khayre, 2017). Since then, because of the colonial legacies of dived and rule policies, hostile clan politics, and other external impacts, Somalia is a stateless society.…”

Section: Somalia As Collapsed Statementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, a wide range of domestic actors who profited from continued state collapse and conferences work against efforts of state-building are pitfalls for it. Moreover, the prioritization of clan legitimacy and loyalty over state legitimacy and widespread public mistrust of the central government are also challenges for the state rebuilding process (Khayre, 2017). Despite many conferences were organized with the help and assistance of neighboring countries, regional organizations, and the United Nations; warlords, and clan leaders are reluctant to reach an agreement (Khayre, 2017).…”

Section: Somalia As Collapsed Statementioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

External Interventions and State Fragility, Failure and Collapse: Comparative Analysis of African Experiences

2020

IAGS

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States fragility, failure and collapse are the results of both domestic and external determinant factors. This article provides a critique of the debates of failing states, failed states, and collapsed states in Africa by examining three cases: DRC, Burundi, and Somalia. It tries to highlight the impacts of external interventions on functionality, viability and sovereignty of African states. It presents the various interventions and their impacts on state viability in Africa. It argued that by taking similar paths of intervention with the same logic of the past, it is difficult to solve problems related to state failures in Africa. Instead, there has to be a different path of the statebuilding process that takes into account Africa's realities and the interest of the majority, not the interests of the elites and the donors. Besides, instead of focusing on the idea of the liberal peace theory of republicanism, cosmopolitanism, and a free-market economy, it is better to address state-society relations in Africa. Hence, Africa should import those devices and institutions that advance its interests. Moreover, it should be clear that the problems and their impacts are trans-boundary that need transnational cooperative and integrative responses. The rebuilding of a failed state and preventing sates from failure through both curative and preventive approaches have to be the concerns of the 21st-century global governance, peace, and security narratives.

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Section: Somalia As Collapsed Statementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Somalia As Collapsed Statementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Somalia As Collapsed Statementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Somalia As Collapsed Statementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Somalia As Collapsed Statementioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

External Interventions and State Fragility, Failure and Collapse: Comparative Analysis of African Experiences

2020

IAGS

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The Origins of Conflict in Somalia: A Historical Context

Nyadera,

Islam,

Agwanda

2024

The Somalia Conflict Revisited

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Influence of Curriculum and Demographic Factors on Somali Students’ Civic Outcomes

Jama

Al-Hidabi

Hussien

et al. 2020

IJES

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Somalia is one of the most fiercely divided countries in the world. The people of Somalia face an identity crisis as they have more than one identity (i.e., clan, national, and religious). In addition to this, the development of good Somali citizens is impeded by the absence of a nation to belong to, as there are clan-based states, a lack of clarity as to whether the nation serves the needs of individuals or clans, and an absence of a feeling of obligation towards the nation. These various issues have led to an imperative need to explore how education as a whole and the curriculum, specifically, can build good Somali citizens with a sense of national identity and a participative attitude. Therefore, the current study investigated whether curriculum can be a panacea for the above-mentioned issues. A total of 400 Somali students in their final year of secondary education participated in this study in a cross-sectional survey. The data were analysed using multiple regression analysis. The study found that formal curriculum is a statistically significant contributor to civic development, and is potentially influential in building good citizenship and a national identity in students, hence paving the way for their progressive civic participation in the future. In addition, non-formal curriculum significantly influenced two out of three civic outcomes, i.e., national identity and civic participation. Male and female Somali students differed in their notions of national identity and good citizenship, but demonstrated the same level of or tendency for civic participation. Interestingly, parental education did not exercise any significant influence on any of the civic outcomes. Based on the results, the study recommends that a systematic analysis of the Somali education curriculum be conducted to properly assess the richness and depth of its content in relation to the required standards and coverage of civic education.

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Somalia: An Overview of the Historical and Current Situation

Cited by 4 publications

References 40 publications

External Interventions and State Fragility, Failure and Collapse: Comparative Analysis of African Experiences

External Interventions and State Fragility, Failure and Collapse: Comparative Analysis of African Experiences

The Origins of Conflict in Somalia: A Historical Context

Influence of Curriculum and Demographic Factors on Somali Students’ Civic Outcomes

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