Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration From Immature Zygotic Embryos of Muscadine Grape (Vitis Rotundifolia) Cultivars

Abstract

Embryogenic cell lines of Vitis rotundifolia were produced from immature zygotic embryo explants obtained by culturing ovules, harvested at 20 d postanthesis, for 8 wk and then dissecting embryos from them. Ovules cultured on Nitsch and Nitsch medium with naphthoxyacetic acid and benzyladenine (BA) produced a brown exudate, necessitating three transfers to fresh medium at 2‐wk intervals during the 8‐wk culture cycle. Zygotic embryos that were subsequently isolated from cultured ovules and placed on the same medium produced a heterogenous callus from which eventually emerged embryogenic cell lines. A higher percentage of ovules from cultivars ‘Dixie’, ‘Fry’, ‘Nesbitt’, and ‘Welder’ produced zygotic embryos (31%–39%) than did those from ‘Carlos’ (3%). A higher percentage of ‘Fry’ ovules produced embryogenic lines from cultured zygotic embryos (6.3%) than did those of the other four cultivars (1%–1.6%). Embryogenic cell lines were white and composed of variably sized cell clusters, somatic embryos, and embryonic tissue embedded in a watery matrix. These lines were maintained for over 1 yr on modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium lacking growth regulators by transfer of selected cell clusters every 6 wk. White, opaque somatic embryos grew directly from cell clusters and passed through recognizable developmental stages. Germination was induced by transfer of somatic embryos to MS medium with BA. Although 80%–100% of embryos germinated, plant recovery was low due to poor shoot development.

Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration from Immature Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) Embryos

“…Initial calli did not grow vigorously and gradually turned brown or black followed by the appearance of a friable embryogenic callus. Similar results were reported for grapes in which the initial callus stopped growing and turned brown before an embryogenic callus appeared (Gray, 1992).…”

“…In other species, somatic embryos thus obtained are often reported to experience dormancy, and germination usually requires some measures to break the dormancy (Gray, 1992;Gray and Mortensen, 1987;Takeno et al, 1983). In persimmon, however, when torpedo-type embryos were transferred to agar medium without growth regulators, they naturally germinated within several weeks and rooted simultaneously without entering dormancy.…”

Pengaruh Hormon terhadap Induksi Embrio Somatik Kacapiring (Gardenia jasminoides) dan Potensi Aplikasinya dalam Pembuatan Benih Sintetik

“…Fase akhir perkembangan embrio, koleoptil akan membesar dan sumbu embrio akan membesar. Sumbu embrio akan tumbuh secara lateral dan sejajar dengan skutelum, sedangkan apikal akar akan tumbuh di dalam, sedangkan apikal pucuk akan tumbuh ke luar dan melindungi koleoptil (Gray, 1992).…”

Development of a simplified protocol for in vitro propagation of a valuable medicinal plant Plumbago zeylanica Linn. through nodal explants found in Odisha, India

“…A report on its cultivation and improvement to the conventional approach in crop improvement programmes is to utilize emerging bio-technologies, such as somatic hybridization or recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) technology. However, application of either technique is dependent on the availability of a regenerative or organogenic cell culture procedure (Grey, 1992). The present study describes the formulation of suitable media for shooting, rooting and hardening of the plant in order to achieve quality transplants without the addition of growth adjuvant like coconut milk and adenine sulphate that can minimise the experimental cost and will help in the preservation of the in vitro raised plants for their rich therapeutic values.…”