Somatic Growth and its Regulation

Clark, Patrick J.; Rogol, Alan D.

doi:10.1002/cphy.cp070502

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 172 publications

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“…The somatotopic (GH-IGF-I) axis in the ruminant, as for other domestic animals, is essential for the control of metabolism and the functions of various tissues and organs, including bone, liver, skeletal and cardiac muscles, adipose tissue, and reproductive organs (Simmen et al, 1998;Clark and Rogol, 1999). The somatotropic axis has been shown to include many hormonal and nutritional factors that control GH release from the anterior pituitary.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Somatotropic Axis and Nutrition in Young Ruminants around Weaning Time

Katoh¹,

Takahashi²,

Kobayashi³

et al. 2007

Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci

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The somatotropic (GH-IGF-I) axis consists of many hormonal and nutritional factors that control GH release from the somatotrophs in the anterior pituitary. The GH-releasing substances are GHRH and GHS (GHRP or ghrelin), while the GH releaseinhibiting substances are somatostatin (SRIF), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), leptin and glucocorticoids. However, there is evidence showing that nutrition is involved in the control of the somatotropic axis. In addition, weaning is a drastic event for neonates because their alimentary and endocrine circumstances are changed due to the switch, even if gradual, from a liquid milk diet to one composed of such solids as hay and grains. The biological role of ghrelin is one of the hormonal factors that have been focused on ever since ghrelin was discovered at the end of the last century. A 27-amino acid peptide that is mainly synthesized and released from the abomasum epithelium, ghrelin has not been fully evaluated in relation to the somatotropic axis of the ruminant. It has also proven difficult even to investigate the cellular mechanisms of ghrelin action, because this hormone exerts animal-species-dependent actions via a complex set of intracellular signaling pathways. This is also the case for the action of leptin. Another substance, IGF-I, shows a partial inhibitory action on GH secretion in the ruminant. The effect of nutrition is also different among animal species. This is evident by the fact that undernutrition suppresses the circulating GH levels in rodents, but increases it in ruminants and humans. Recently, weaning has been shown to change the postprandial GH responses in ruminants; milk feeding increases, but hay and concentrate feeding suppress, the postprandial circulating GH levels. Even if the postprandial GH level is increased, the ghrelin level is decreased by milk feeding. Macronutrients also possess stimulatory and inhibitory actions on GH secretion in vivo and in vitro. These findings indicate the complexity of the control mechanisms of the somatotropic axis. In the present review, we summarize recent findings on the factors controlling the axis of the ruminant.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Somatotropic Axis and Nutrition in Young Ruminants around Weaning Time

Katoh¹,

Takahashi²,

Kobayashi³

et al. 2007

Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci

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“…Growth curve in a male with short familial stature. The growth velocity is normal from 5 years of age onwards, with the height being below, but parallel to, the third percentile [16]. growth and development were undoubtedly noticed in children with acute or chronic illnesses because of increased energy needs or nutrition (e.g., decreased intake or malabsorption).…”

Section: Systemic Disorders With Secondary Effects On Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short stature in children

Almutairi¹

2018

IJMDC

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Physicians consider the short stature as one of the most common causes of referral to pediatric endocrinology clinics. The initial evaluation of short stature should include a history, a physical examination, an accurate assessment of growth, calculation of the growth velocity and mid-parental height, and radiography to evaluate bone age. The recommendations for short stature management differ according to the level of growth hormone (GH), wherein the case of GH deficiency; the patient may receive markedly different recommendations.

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Radiographic Evaluation of Children with Growth Disorders

Kant

Grote

et al. 2007

Horm Res Paediatr

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Short stature as well as tall stature can have a wide variety of causes. Tall stature is usually experienced as a less important problem than short stature, but for both clinical presentations it is important to make a correct diagnosis as to etiology. The identification of the diagnosis frequently relies on radiological criteria. However, no international uniformity exists with respect to the radiographic evaluation of children with growth problems. We recommend that in patients with a possible diagnosis of a skeletal dysplasia a skeletal survey must be performed. In patients with a proportionate stature, radiographic analysis of the hand and wrist will be sufficient in most cases. However, whenever there are clinical abnormalities with a possible underlying bone anomaly, a modified skeletal survey is appropriate. The combination of clinical and biochemical features and an appropriate skeletal survey can often lead to the correct diagnosis and/or guide the subsequent molecular analysis.

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Somatic Growth and its Regulation

Abstract: The sections in this article are: Variations of Normal Growth Normal Variations in Infancy Constitutional Delay of Growth and Adolescence Constitutional Accelerated Growth Premature Adrenarche Premature Thelarche Gynecomastia … Show more

Cited by 4 publications

References 172 publications

Somatotropic Axis and Nutrition in Young Ruminants around Weaning Time

Somatotropic Axis and Nutrition in Young Ruminants around Weaning Time

Short stature in children

Radiographic Evaluation of Children with Growth Disorders

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