Somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in the adult rabbit retina

Rickman, Doug; Blanks, Janet C.; Brecha, Nicholas C.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19960212)365:3<491::aid-cne11>3.0.co;2-u

Cited by 25 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Immunostained fibers were also occasionally seen entering either the GCL or the INL. However, we did not see labeled fibers extending into the OPL, which is in contrast to the report by Rickman et al (1996). With the exception of the thick proximal dendrites, most of the SOM‐immunopositive processes in the IPL had small diameters of approximately 0.5 μm and possessed numerous varicosities.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…The neurochemically identified amacrine cell types studied here have been shown to match the morphological profiles of those falling within the polyaxonal amacrine cell class types (Versaux‐Botteri et al, 1984; Sandell, 1985; Sagar, 1986, 1987; White et al, 1990; Dacey, 1990; Tauchi et al, 1990; Cuenca et al, 1995; Perez et al, 1995; Rickman et al, 1996; Cuenca and Kolb, 1998; Oh et al, 1999). In rabbit retina, two extensive studies of the polyaxonal amacrine cells showed that they include up to six different morphological subtypes, with different response and receptive field properties (Famiglietti, 1992a, b, c; Völgyi et al, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…Thickenings reminiscent of axon hillock structures have also been reported in the axon‐like processes of A1 polyaxonal amacrine cells in primate (Stafford and Dacey, 1997). Immunocytochemical and histochemical studies provide a separate and sizeable literature describing axon‐like processes of amacrine cells that correspond to polyaxonal cell types (Versaux‐Botteri et al, 1984; Sandell, 1985; Sagar, 1986, 1987; White et al, 1990; Dacey, 1990; Tauchi et al, 1990; Cuenca et al, 1995; Perez et al, 1995; Rickman et al, 1996; Cuenca and Kolb, 1998; Oh et al, 1999). However, no ultrastructural or immunocytochemical studies have been performed to confirm this characterization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SOM amacrine cells in the mammal form a sparse population of cell bodies mainly displaced to the GCL, with a dichotomous arbor of thick dendritic and thin axon‐like fibers stratifying at the edges of the IPL (Sagar, 1987; White et al, 1990; Rickman et al, 1996). In addition, SOM‐expressing amacrine cells occasionally emit axons running partially in the GCL, whereas others cross the INL to reach the OPL subsequently (Rickman et al, 1996). We observed SOM‐positive fibers running within strata 1 and 5 of the IPL as well as profiles descending intermittently in the GCL.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We used a monoclonal antibody (SMI31; Sternberger Monoclonal, Lutherville, MD) specific for the multiphosphorylated epitopes of the NF‐H protein to identify the axon‐like processes. Previous immunocytochemical studies have identified somatostatin (SOM; Sagar, 1987; White et al, 1990; Rickman et al, 1996)‐, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; Versaux‐Botteri et al, 1984; Dacey, 1990; Tauchi et al, 1990; Oh et al, 1999)‐, substance P (SP; Cuenca et al, 1995; Cuenca and Kolb, 1998)‐, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd; Sandell, 1985; Sagar, 1986; Perez et al, 1995)‐labeled processes as being from putative axon‐bearing amacrine cells. Therefore, we carried out double‐labeling experiments to determine whether these amacrine cells also express the multiphosphorylated NF‐H proteins indicative of CNS axons.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Axonal neurofilament‐H immunolabeling in the rabbit retina

Völgyi

Bloomfield

2002

J of Comparative Neurology

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A monoclonal antibody directed at the multiphosphorylated epitope of axonal neurofilament-H (NF-H) was used to label axon-like fibers in the rabbit retina. NF-H-immunopositive fibers were found in the outer plexiform layer (OPL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), and optic fiber layer (OFL). The morphological characteristics of the labeled processes identified those in the OPL as horizontal cell axons and axon terminals and fibers in the OFL as axons of ganglion cells. The NF-H-positive profiles in the OPL formed a subset of horizontal cell processes labeled for calbindin. In the IPL, NF-H-immunoreactive profiles lay at all levels but were detected most often in the middle strata, 2-4. Occasionally, we observed NF-H-immuoreactive processes emerging from the IPL and entering either the GCL or the inner nuclear layer (INL). The labeled fibers in the IPL were typically very thin, less than 1 microm in diameter, and could often be followed for over 1 mm as they ran laterally across the retina. Cell bodies were never labeled by the immunoserum. To identify the NF-H-immunopositive fibers in the IPL, standard immunocytochemical double-labeling techniques were applied, using antibodies directed against several neurotransmitters or modulators thought to be expressed by axon-bearing amacrine cells. The NF-H-positive processes in the IPL were found to correspond to those labeled for tyrosine hydroxylase, somatostatin, substance P, and NADPH diaphorase activity. However, the NF-H labels did not colocalize with those against the vasoactive intestinal peptide-associated protein PHM27. Our results indicate that putative axons in the retina possess the multiphosphorylated NF-H protein found within classic axons in the central nervous system. These results thus support the idea that certain subtypes of amacrine and horizontal cells maintain true axons in the mammalian retina.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Axonal neurofilament‐H immunolabeling in the rabbit retina

Völgyi

Bloomfield

2002

J of Comparative Neurology

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Expression of the somatostatin subtype 2A receptor in the rabbit retina

Johnson¹,

Wong²,

Walsh³

et al. 1998

J. Comp. Neurol.

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In the retina, somatostatin influences neuronal activity likely by acting at one or more somatostatin subtype (sst) receptors. Somatostatin and somatostatin-binding sites are distributed predominantly to the inner retina. The present study has investigated the cellular expression of one of the sst receptors, the sst 2A receptor isoform, in the rabbit retina. These studies have used a new polyclonal antibody directed to the predicted C-terminus of mouse sst 2A (361)(362)(363)(364)(365)(366)(367)(368)(369) receptor. Antibody specificity was tested by preadsorption of the primary antibody with a peptide corresponding to sst 2A (361-369). sst 2A Receptor immunoreactivity was localized mainly to the plasma membrane of rod bipolar cells and to sparsely occurring, wide-field amacrine cells. Immunostaining in rod bipolar cells was strongest in the axon and axon terminals in lamina 5 of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and was weakest in the cell body and dendrites. Double-labeling experiments using a monoclonal antibody against protein kinase C (PKC; α and β), a rod bipolar cell-selective marker, showed complete colocalization. In horizontal sections of retina, immunostained bipolar cell bodies had a dense distribution, which is in agreement with the reported distribution of rod bipolar cell bodies. Immunoreactive amacrine cell bodies were located at the border of the inner nuclear layer and the IPL, and thin varicose processes ramified mainly in laminae 2 and 4 of the IPL. These observations indicate that somatostatin influences visual information processing in the retina 1) by acting presynaptically on rod bipolar cell axon terminals and b) by influencing the activity of sparsely occurring amacrine cells. Indexing termsrod bipolar cells; amacrine cells; immunohistochemistry; neuropeptides; visual system Somatostatin (or somatotropin-release inhibiting factor; SRIF) a tetradecapeptide that was first isolated from the ovine hypothalamus, is widely distributed throughout the nervous system and peripheral tissues (Brazeau et al., 1973;Epelbaum, 1986). SRIF has a wide variety of biological functions, including the inhibition of endocrine and exocrine secretions and the modulation of transmitter release. SRIF is reported to alter locomotor and behavioral activity and to influence cognitive functions (Epelbaum, 1986;Haroutunian et al., 1987 Different experimental approaches indicate that SRIF acts as a transmitter or modulator in the retina. SRIF has been detected in a variety of mammalian retinas, including rat, rabbit, cat, and human, and it has been observed in a number of cell types, including amacrine, interplexiform, and ganglion cells (Sagar and Marshall, 1988;Larsen et al., 1990;White et al., 1990;Rickman et al., 1996). Specific high-affinity SRIF receptor-binding sites have been detected in mammalian retinas, and they have a homogeneous distribution across the inner plexiform layer (IPL; Kossut et al., 1989;Liapakis and Thermos, 1992;Liapakis et al., 1993;Vasilaki et al., 1996). In rabbit retina, SRIF-immunor...

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