Somatotropic axis and concentrate supplementation in grazing dairy cows of genetically diverse origin

Grala, T; Lucy, M.C.; Phyn, C.V.C.; Sheahan, A.J.; Lee, J.M.; Roche, J.R.

doi:10.3168/jds.2010-3773

Cited by 37 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Liver IGF-1 synthesis is downregulated during early lactation despite increased growth hormone (GH) levels (Lucy et al, 2001). The greater plasma IGF-1 observed in SEMI is consistent with literature from grass-based systems showing an earlier recoupling of somatotropic axis when cows received 3 kg/day of concentrate, which was sufficient to decrease plasma GH, and increase IGF-1 and glucose concentrations (Grala et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…These differences have been attributed to adaptations of somatotropic axis components that regulate nutrient partitioning ). Nonetheless, strain by system interactions for milk production, body reserve mobilization and accretion may not occur when cows are on a low plane of nutrition (Grala et al, 2011), which is the case in our experiment. In addition, it cannot be excluded that cow numbers may have been insufficient to allow the detection of eventual breed by system interactions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 73%

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Physiological adaptations and ovarian cyclicity of Holstein and Montbéliarde cows under two low-input production systems

Pires¹,

Chilliard²,

Delavaud³

et al. 2015

Animal

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The objective was to study milk production, body reserve mobilization, metabolic and hormonal profiles, and ovarian cyclicity of Holstein-Friesian (HOLS) and Montbéliarde (MONT) cows under two low-input dairy production systems with seasonal spring calving: an extensive (EXT; 12 HOLS and 12 MONT) based on permanent diversified grasslands and zero concentrate, and a semi-extensive (SEMI; 12 HOLS and 10 MONT) based on established temporary grasslands and up to 4 kg/day of concentrate. Individual measurements were performed between −4 and 12 weeks of lactation. Cows in EXT secreted less milk (22.1 v. 24.4 kg/day), protein (660 v. 755 g/day) and energy (67.7 v. 74.4 MJ/day), had greater plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) (0.97 v. 0.69 mM), lower glucose (59.0 v. 62.0 mg/dl) and IGF-1 (62 v. 71 ng/ml), lower milk fat concentration in fatty acids originating from de novo synthesis (e.g. ∑ 10:0 to 15:0) and greater concentration of those derived in part from mobilization of fat reserves (e.g. 18:0 and ∑ > C16), and showed greater frequency of abnormal ovarian cycles compared with SEMI. Across production systems, HOLS produced more milk (24.7 v. 21.8 kg/day), protein (738 v. 674 g/day) and fat (939 v. 819 g/day), secreted more energy (75.1 v. 67.0 MJ/day), lost more body condition score (BCS) (1.41 v. 1.03) and reached a lower BCS nadir (1.12 v. 1.43), had greater plasma BHBA (0.91 v. 0.75 mM), lower insulin (15.9 v. 17.2 µIU/ml) and tended to have lower glucose (59.6 v. 61.4 mg/dl), had lower milk fat concentration in ∑ 10:0 to 15:0, tended to have higher ∑ > C16 and tended to show more abnormal estrous cycles compared with MONT. Ultrasound measurements did not differentiate fat mobilization and were confounded by breed differences of skin thickness. The greater nutrient allowance in SEMI improved indicators of physiological status and ovarian function during early lactation compared with EXT, but did not attenuate body reserve mobilization because cows prioritized milk secretion. HOLS secreted more nutrients than MONT but lost more BCS, which negatively affected nutritional balance and tended to affect ovarian cyclicity during early lactation. Breed by system interactions were not observed except for a few variables.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

mentioning

confidence: 73%

Physiological adaptations and ovarian cyclicity of Holstein and Montbéliarde cows under two low-input production systems

Pires¹,

Chilliard²,

Delavaud³

et al. 2015

Animal

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“…This study also showed that these differences in nutrient partitioning were underpinned by a far greater uncoupling of the somatotropic axis (Growth harmone IGF-1) in the North American strain compared with the New Zealand 70 strain with the New Zealand 90 intermediate. An increase in feed allowance had no effect on the milk production of the North American strain in early lactation, whereas it provoked an increased milk production in the New Zealand 70 strain (Grala et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Advances in predicting nutrient partitioning in the dairy cow: recognizing the central role of genotype and its expression through time

Friggens

Brun-Lafleur

Faverdin

et al. 2013

Animal

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In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that understanding nutrient partitioning is central to a much broader range of issues than just being able to predict productive outputs. The extent to which nutrients are partitioned to other functions such as health and reproduction is clearly important, as are the efficiency consequences of nutrient partitioning. Further, with increasing environmental variability, there is a greater need to be able to predict the ability of an animal to respond to the nutritional limitations that arise from the environment in which it is placed. How the animal partitions its nutrients when resources are limited, or imbalanced, is a major component of its ability to cope, that is, its robustness. There is mounting evidence that reliance on body reserves is increased and that robustness of dairy cows is reduced by selection for increased milk production. A key element for predicting the partition of nutrients in this wider context is to incorporate the priorities of the animal, that is, an explicit recognition of the role of both the cow's genotype (genetic make-up), and the expression of this genotype through time on nutrient partitioning. Accordingly, there has been a growing recognition of the need to incorporate in nutritional models these innate driving forces that alter nutrient partitioning according to physiological state, the genetically driven trajectories. This paper summarizes some of the work carried out to extend nutritional models to incorporate these trajectories, the genetic effects on them, as well as how these factors affect the homeostatic capacity of the animal. At present, there are models capable of predicting the partition of nutrients throughout lactation for cows of differing milk production potentials. Information concerning genotype and stage of lactation effects on homeostatic capacity has not yet been explicitly included in metabolic models that predict nutrient partition, although recent results suggest that this is achievable. These developments have greatly extended the generality of nutrient partitioning models with respect to the type of animal and its physiological state. However, these models remain very largely focussed on predicting partition between productive outputs and body reserves and, for the most part, remain research models, although substantial progress has been made towards developing models that can be applied in the field. The challenge of linking prediction of nutrient partitioning to its consequences on health, reproduction and longevity, although widely recognized, is only now beginning to be addressed. This is an important perspective for future work on nutrient partitioning.

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“…Although an indirect measure of tissue status, these data provide further evidence that the adipose tissues of NA cows have lower rates of lipogenesis and hence more insulin-resistant compared with the NZ cows. Previous studies support the premise that the NA cows have a longer period of insulin insensitivity and uncoupling of the somatotrophic axis McCarthy et al 2009;Grala et al 2011). These phenomena result in an elevated growth hormone concentration, which in turn antagonizes insulin action, essentially blocking lipogenesis and promoting lipolysis and gluconeogenesis (Etherton et al 1987;Beswick & Kennelly, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Genetic ancestry modifies fatty acid concentrations in different adipose tissue depots and milk fat

Meier

Verkerk

Kay

et al. 2013

Journal of Dairy Research

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The objective of this study was to determine the effect of cow genetic strain on fatty acid (FA) profiles in adipose tissue and milk. Adipose samples from two subcutaneous (shoulder and tail-head) and three visceral (kidney channel, mesenteric and omental) depots were obtained post mortem from New Zealand (NZ; n = 8) and North American (NA; n = 8) Holstein-Friesian cows. At the time of slaughter cows were in similar body condition (NZ: 4.0 ± 0.03, NA: 4.0 ± 0.02; ± SD) and stage of lactation (NZ: 90 ± 11.2 d; NA: 83 ± 4.3 d; ± SD). Milk was collected during the a.m. milking prior to slaughter and milk fat was extracted. Adipose and milk fat FA were quantified using gas chromatography. NZ cows had a lower proportion of saturated FA in shoulder, tail-head and omental adipose tissue and a greater proportion of mono-unsaturated FA and an elevated Δ9-desaturase index in shoulder and tail-head adipose tissue. The proportions of individual FA differed between adipose depots, with proportions of de-novo FA greater in subcutaneous compared with visceral adipose depots. Milk from NZ cows contained greater concentrations of short chain FA (C8 : 0-12 : 0) and CLA, and less cis-9 18 : 1 than milk from NA cows. Regression analysis identified moderate associations between milk FA and shoulder adipose tissue FA for 18 : 2 (R(2) = 0.24), 18 : 3 n - 3 (R(2) = 0.39), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (R(2) = 0.38). Results from this study support the hypothesis that genetic strain dictates FA profiles in adipose tissue and milk and may alter the metabolic status of the various adipose depots differently. The data further support the premise that genetic strain affects the metabolic status of the various adipose depots differently. Elucidating the mechanisms that regulate the different adipose depots in the NZ and NA strains will increase our understanding of tissue mobilization and replenishment.

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Somatotropic axis and concentrate supplementation in grazing dairy cows of genetically diverse origin

Cited by 37 publications

References 29 publications

Physiological adaptations and ovarian cyclicity of Holstein and Montbéliarde cows under two low-input production systems

Physiological adaptations and ovarian cyclicity of Holstein and Montbéliarde cows under two low-input production systems

Advances in predicting nutrient partitioning in the dairy cow: recognizing the central role of genotype and its expression through time

Genetic ancestry modifies fatty acid concentrations in different adipose tissue depots and milk fat

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