“…Many scholars have overlooked the permeability of soil layers (especially when rock permeability is low) due to the significant role that fractures play in water transport, focusing solely on the flow capacity of fractures (referred to as “one region flow,” i.e., clear flow in fractures). In the early days, the fluid transport study in the fractured porous medium primarily focused on the flow capacity of a single fracture, examining the effects of fracture aperture (Méheust & Schmittbuhl, 2000; Zheng et al., 2008; Lenci, Putti, et al., 2022; Lenci, Méheust, et al., 2022), surface roughness (Boutt et al., 2006), and fluid properties (Felisa et al., 2018; Lavrov, 2014) on the flow capacity of a single fracture through theoretical deductions (Nashawi, 2008; Pouya et al., 2020), numerical simulations (Miyoshi et al., 2003; Xie et al., 2015), and laboratory experiments (Qian et al., 2005, 2007). The description of the flow capacity of a single fracture was initially based on the cubic law (Witherspoon et al., 1980).…”