Some characteristics of the purinergic nervous system in normal and sensitized airway smooth muscle

Souhrada, J. F.; Melzer, E; Grantham, Preston H.

doi:10.1016/0034-5687(80)90093-6

Cited by 25 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…30-79% 24-54% 9-56% -43-66% airways (Souhrada et al, 1980;Karlsson et al, 1984;Thompson et al, 1988) and similar results have been obtained in human isolated airways (Davis et al, 1982;de Jongste et al, 1987). Kamikawa & Shimo (1989) demonstrated that the magnitude of the contractile NANC response depends on the level of passive tension prior to stimulation in guinea-pig isolated bronchi.…”

Section: -52% 5-52%supporting

confidence: 72%

Non‐adrenergic, non‐cholinergic neural activation stabilizes smooth‐muscle tone independently of eicosanoid factors in guinea‐pig isolated airways

Lindén

Ullman

Skoogh

1991

British J Pharmacology

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1 We examined the effect of variations in resting smooth-muscle tone induced by eicosanoid inhibitors on the direction and magnitude of the non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) nervous response in guinea-pig isolated airways. 2 NANC responses (in the presence of 1 gM atropine, 1IOM guanethidine) to electrical field stimulation (1200 mA; 0.5 ms; 240s; 3 Hz) were studied in guinea-pig isolated airway preparations (n = 4-7) taken from the proximal trachea, the distal trachea and the main bronchus. Tissues were treated with either the cyclo-oxygenase-blocker, indomethacin (10pM), or the leukotriene receptor antagonist, FPL 55712 (11.5 gM), to modulate the resting tone.3 Depending on the level of resting tone prior to electrical field stimulation, NANC activation induced either a contraction or a relaxation converging towards a similar level of tone, a 'tonus equilibrium'. This tonus equilibrium displayed an increasing level towards the periphery (3 + 3 (s.e.mean) % for the proximal trachea, 28 + 3% for the distal trachea and 54 + 4% for the main bronchus, in % of maximum active tension). After NANC activation, the tonus returned to a level similar to the resting tone. 4 We conclude that changes in resting smooth-muscle tone not only affect the magnitude but also the direction of the NANC response. It is suggested that the NANC nervous system is a stabilizing factor in the regulation of airway smooth-muscle tone, independent of eicosanoid factors. An increasing contractile component and a decreasing relaxant component of the NANC system towards the peripheral airways is indicated.

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Section: -52% 5-52%supporting

confidence: 72%

Non‐adrenergic, non‐cholinergic neural activation stabilizes smooth‐muscle tone independently of eicosanoid factors in guinea‐pig isolated airways

Lindén

Ullman

Skoogh

1991

British J Pharmacology

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“…It is now well established that ATP is a cotransmitter both with noradrenaline (NA) in sympathetic nerves and with acetylcholine in parasympathetic nerves (see Burnstock, 2007a). ATP has been considered a NANC transmitter in inhibitory vagal nerves supplying the airways (Irvin et al, 1980(Irvin et al, , 1983Souhrada et al, 1980;Satchell, 1982;Pauwels et al, 1990). Adenosine inhibits NANC excitatory transmission in guinea pig trachea (Kamikawa and Shimo, 1989), in retrospect probably by acting on P1 (A 1 ) receptors on nerve terminal varicosities to inhibit transmitter release (Schmidt et al, 1995).…”

Section: Innervationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Purinergic Signaling in the Airways

Burnstock

Brouns²,

Adriaensen³

et al. 2012

Pharmacol Rev

174

158

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“…The other main branch of the autonomic nervous system is called the cholinergic nervous system and it has acetylcholine [51-84-3], CH 3 COO(CH 2 ) 2 N(CH 3 ) + 3 , (see Choline; ENZYME INHIBITION) as a neurotransmitter. More recently, a third branch to the autonomic nervous system has been identified in human (35) and animal airways (36,37). In this nonadrenergic, noncholinergic nervous system both the neurotransmitter and the importance in lung function are in dispute (38).…”

Section: β-Adrenergic Stimulantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiasthmatic Agents

Bernstein¹

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Asthma is an extremely complex condition characterized by variable and reversible airways obstruction combined with nonspecific bronchial hypersensitivity. Asthma affects 3–5% of the population and is one of the most common chronic illnesses. Clinically, there are several ways of classifying asthma, and treatment varies depending upon the classification. In extrinsic asthma, also called allergic asthma, experienced by adults and, most commonly, by children, it is possible to demonstrate specific causal agents, usually antigens, eg, animal danders, foods, drugs, house dust, pollens, or mold spores. Intrinsic asthma, also called idiopathic asthma, usually develops in adulthood; allergic factors are not demonstrable in intrinsic asthma. Episodes may be triggered by a variety of stimuli, eg, emotional state, exposure to cold air, or inert dusts. Both intrinsic and extrinsic asthmatics can be prone to exercise‐induced attacks. Individuals who experience a combination of extrinsic and intrinsic asthmatic reactions have mixed asthma. Current asthma treatments are not curative and historically have relied on pharmacologic intervention with bronchodilators. More recently the focal points of both treatment and research efforts have shifted from bronchodilators to agents which reduce the underlying inflammatory state. Management of extrinsic asthma usually includes manipulation of the patient's environment to minimize or completely eliminate the causal agent. Improvements in asthma treatment include the development of more effective, safer formulations of known drugs. Also, the use of reliable sustained release formulations has revolutionized the use of oral xanthines which have a very narrow therapeutic index. For many individuals, asthma symptoms tend to worsen at night and the inhaled bronchodilators do not usually last through an entire night's sleep. β 2 ‐Agonists are widely used in the symptomatic treatment of asthma. Although both oral and aerosol formulations of these bronchodilators have been available for many years, advances have occurred in delivery technology with the development of dry powder aerosols. Nonselective β‐agonists can produce many undesirable side effects. Some selectivity in action was needed. Isoproterenol is a selective agonist at the β receptor. Aerosol administration of isoproterenol produces a prompt (2–5 min) intense bronchodilatation of relatively short (1‐h) duration, and has been widely used for many years. A significant advance in β‐agonist therapy occurred with the discovery of metaproterenol, C 11 H 17 NO 3 , which has a longer (4‐h) duration of action. Terbutaline, C 12 H 19 NO 3 , is an orally active agent having a duration of action of from 6–7 h. Terbutaline has about six times the selectivity of isoproterenol and is claimed to produce fewer side effects. Albuterol, C 13 H 21 NO 3 , also called salbutamol, is the most widely prescribed β 2 ‐agonist for either aerosol or oral administration both in the United States and worldwide. There are several longer acting agents currently under clinical evaluation, eg, bitolterol, C 28 H 31 NO 5 ; clenbuterol, C 12 H 18 Cl 2 N 2 O; and salmeterol, C 25 H 37 NO 4 . For many years oral xanthines were the preferred first‐line treatment for asthma in the United States. Within this class of compounds theophylene, ie, 1,3‐dimethylxanthine, is one member of a class of naturally occurring alkaloids. Common side effects of theophylline therapy for asthma include headache, dyspepsia, and nausea. More serious side effects can occur if blood levels are too high. Many derivatives of theophylline have been prepared. However, the most universal solution has resulted from the development of reliable sustained‐release formulations. The effectiveness of theophylline in the treatment of asthma seems to result from a combination of biological properties not clearly understood. Its predominant mode of action appears to be bronchodilation. Although the benefit of theophylline treatment is without question, its use is decreasing. Steroids use for the preventative treatment of asthma appears to be increasing, because of the identification of asthma as an inflammatory disease. It is known that steroids bind to cytosolic receptors. The steroid–receptor complex then enters the cell nucleus where the complex acts at specific sites and affects protein synthesis. The effect is to reduce the inflammatory response. While disodium chromoglycate (DSCG), C 23 H 14 Na 2 O 11 , enjoys modest success as a preventative antiasthmatic agent, it has never achieved the same level of popularity in the United States as in other markets, eg, the United Kingdom. Although it is considered one of the safest available antiasthmatic agents, it seems to work best as an adjunct to other therapy. The beneficial effect of atropine, used for centuries, is in preventing exercise‐induced asthma; it and other anticholinergic agents have no effect on bronchial hyperresponsiveness, the release of other mediators, or on the inflammatory process. Ipratropium bromide, C 20 H 30 BrNO 3 , a newer anticholinergic agent, seems to be useful in patient populations that show limited response to β 2 ‐adrenergic agonists.

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Some characteristics of the purinergic nervous system in normal and sensitized airway smooth muscle

Cited by 25 publications

References 12 publications

Non‐adrenergic, non‐cholinergic neural activation stabilizes smooth‐muscle tone independently of eicosanoid factors in guinea‐pig isolated airways

Non‐adrenergic, non‐cholinergic neural activation stabilizes smooth‐muscle tone independently of eicosanoid factors in guinea‐pig isolated airways

Purinergic Signaling in the Airways

Antiasthmatic Agents

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