Some Characteristics of the Residue from the Cracking of Castor Oil¹

Castor oil as a renewable resource for the chemical industry

“…The pyrolysis of methyl ricinoleate is the preferred method since castor oil has a higher viscosity, thus resulting in tarry materials and poisonous gases during its direct pyrolysis [7,61,77]. Many studies have been performed considering different pyrolysis temperatures [7,61,77,[87][88][89]. For instance, Vernon and Ross have shown that the glycerol portion of the castor oil molecule is degraded at around 425 7C, giving acrolein [87].…”

“…Many studies have been performed considering different pyrolysis temperatures [7,61,77,[87][88][89]. For instance, Vernon and Ross have shown that the glycerol portion of the castor oil molecule is degraded at around 425 7C, giving acrolein [87]. Gupta et al [88] carried out the pyrolysis of castor oil in the temperature range of 400-610 7C and reported that the yields of the two desired products depended not only on the temperature, but also on the flow rate of castor oil in the reaction vessel and on the applied pressure.…”

“…Recently, Figueiredo et al [89] reported a more feasible and low-energy cost process, the low-temperature pyrolysis process at 380 7C of castor seeds yielding 50 wt-% of pyrolysis oil. Today, at the industrial level, castor oil is still reacted with superheated steam at high pressure, even if this operation is very energy intensive and often produces colored materials that contain polymerized byproducts (polyricinoleic acids) [87].…”

Mechanism of Acid-catalyzed Isomerization of the Hexanes

“…The mechanism of the isomerization of alkanes in the presence of a strong acid catalyst has been studied extensively. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] The most favored view is one suggested by Bloch, Pines, and Schmerling3 and established by Pines and Wackher.11 They showed that traces of carbonium-ion precursors are necessary to initiate the reaction, and concluded that isomerization proceeds via a chain-carrying, carbonium-ion intermediate. For various reasons, other workers consider a complex between the catalyst and the saturated hydrocarbon as the active intermediate.6•7•13 Because of these con-(1) O. Beeck, Y. W. Otvos, D. P. Stevenson and C. D. Wagner, J. Chem.…”

Alkaline cleavage of hydroxy unsaturated fatty acids and derivatives. II 10‐hydroxydecanoic acid from ricinoleates and 1,10‐decanediol from ricmoleyl alcohol

“…Most published methods are multistep, proceeding through either oxidation of undeeylenie acid (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9) or reduction of sebaeie acid (10). Both starting materials are derived from castor oil in no greater than 70-85% yields (5,(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27). Several investigators report the preparation of 10-hydroxydeeanoie acid directly from castor oil (11,14,15,19,(28)(29)(30)(31)(32), but their reaction conditions and complex purification procedures give low over-all yields (<50%).…”