Some Circuit Properties and Applications of<i>n-p-n</i>Transistors

Wallace, Robert L.; Pietenpol, W. J.

doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1951.tb03669.x

Cited by 21 publications

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Present Status of Transistor Development

Morton¹

1952

Bell System Technical Journal

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The invention of the transistor provided a simple, apparently rugged device that could amplify—an ability in which the vacuum tube had long held a monopoly. As with most new electron devices, however, a number of extremely practical limitations had to be overcome before the transistor could be regarded as a practical circuit element. In particular: the reproducibility of units was poor—units intended to be alike were not interchangeable in circuits; the reliability was poor—in an uncomfortably large fraction of units made, the characteristics changed suddenly and inexplicably; and the “designability” was poor—it was difficult to make devices to the wide range of desirable characteristics needed in modern communications functions. This paper describes the progress that has been made in reducing these limitations and extending the range of performance and usefulness of transistors in communications systems. The conclusion is drawn that for some system functions, particularly those requiring extreme miniaturization in space and power as well as reliability with respect to life and ruggedness, transistors promise important advantages

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Present Status of Transistor Development

Morton¹

1952

Bell System Technical Journal

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Electrical Noise In Semiconductors

Montgomery¹

1952

Bell System Technical Journal

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Transistors, diodes, and single crystal filaments of germanium have common noise properties: a spectrum varying inversely with frequency, and strong dependence on the biasing current. Theoretical attempts to explain this noise are reviewed briefly. Experiments with single crystal filaments indicate that the noise resides in the behavior of the minority carrier. In one type of experiment, the correlation of noise voltages in adjacent portions of a filament is quantitatively related to the lifetime and transit time of minority carrier. In another, the effect of a magnetic field on the noise is found in accord with calculated changes in lifetime of the minority carrier.

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