Some Comments on the Relation Between Ground Water and Wetlands

Carter, Virginia; Novitzki, R.P.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-7392-6_7

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…For example, groundwater input can influence vegetation type in wetland areas (Carter and Novitzki, 1988), although Lenhart (2000) found water table height was not significantly related to vegetation in five drained impoundments in Wisconsin. Flow regime and timing of flood recession (sediment exposure) are often key determinants of seedling establishment and tree recruitment in wetland and riparian habitats (e.g.…”

Section: Vegetation Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Vegetation development and restoration potential of drained reservoirs following dam removal in Wisconsin

Orr

Stanley

2006

River Research & Apps

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Dam removal is potentially a powerful tool for river and riparian restoration. However, long-term studies on the fate of former reservoirs do not exist, limiting assessment of the utility of dam removal as a means of riparian restoration. We took advantage of the decades-long legacy of dam removals in Wisconsin to determine human uses of drained reservoirs and to evaluate vegetation establishment and species replacement at these sites. More than half of the 30 dam removal sites in southern Wisconsin over the past 47 years were used as commercial areas, parks and agricultural land, and active riparian restoration occurred on only two sites. For the 13 sites that were allowed to revegetate on their own, plants established in the first growing season and cover was very high at all sites in 2001. Species diversity and frequency (defined as percentage of sampled quadrats where a species is present) of trees were positively correlated with time since removal. No relationship existed between site age and frequencies of other growth forms, nor were there significant relationships between site age and the number or frequency of introduced species. However, mean frequency of introduced species was 75% per site and several sites were dominated by the introduced grass Phalaris arundinacea. Frequency of P. arundinacea was negatively correlated with number of native forbs, and lowest species diversity occurred on sites dominated by P. arundinacea. Ordination analyses revealed substantial site-to-site variation in vegetation that was weakly associated with gradients of site location, age, area, and soil phosphorus. Thus, temporal vegetation dynamics following dam removal were site-specific. Rapid revegetation demonstrates the potential of these sites for riparian restoration. However, if dam removal is used as a means of restoring native riparian communities, then approaches must be tailored to individual sites and will need to focus on techniques to minimize establishment of aggressive invading species.

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Section: Vegetation Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Vegetation development and restoration potential of drained reservoirs following dam removal in Wisconsin

Orr

Stanley

2006

River Research & Apps

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“…However, long-term observations of surface flooding or water table are necessary to describe wetland water regimes because of seasonal fluctuations in evapotranspiration, long-and short-term trends in precipitation, and the complex relation between groundwater and wetlands (Winter 1976, 1978, Carter 1986, LaBaugh 1986, Carter and Novitzki 1988. However, long-term observations of surface flooding or water table are necessary to describe wetland water regimes because of seasonal fluctuations in evapotranspiration, long-and short-term trends in precipitation, and the complex relation between groundwater and wetlands (Winter 1976, 1978, Carter 1986, LaBaugh 1986, Carter and Novitzki 1988.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indicators of surface flooding or saturation in the root zone, such as silt and debris lines, waterlogged leaves, and the presence of the water table within 30 em of the surface, are sometimes used to establish whether the term "wetland hydrology" applies to an area. However, long-term observations of surface flooding or water table are necessary to describe wetland water regimes because of seasonal fluctuations in evapotranspiration, long-and short-term trends in precipitation, and the complex relation between groundwater and wetlands (Winter 1976, 1978, Carter 1986, LaBaugh 1986, Carter and Novitzki 1988. Hydric soils VIRGINIA CARTER ET AL.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecotone Dynamics and Boundary Determination in the Great Dismal Swamp

Carter¹,

Gammon²,

Garrett³

1994

Ecological Applications

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Data on hydrogeology, soils, and vegetation collected on four transects across the 48-km wetland-to-upland transition zone of the Great Dismal Swamp of Virginia/ North Carol_ina, USA, were used to analyze changes along the moisture/elevation gradient, to charactenze the wetland-upland ecotone, and to select tentative wetland-upland boundaries based on these three parameters. Transition zone vegetation was dominated by three facultative hydrophytes: Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua, and Nyssa sylvatica. On the basis of ordination performed on consecutive 25-m transect increments, each transect was divided into three zones: wetland, ecotone, and upland. The water table was within the root zone (0-30 em below the ground surface) an average of 25-100% of the growing season at all well sites in wetland, <25-100% for most well sites in the ecotone, and <25-50% for well sites in upland. Soils were hydric in the wetland and ecotone, and histosols were found only in the wetland zone. Soils were generally nonhydric in the upland zone. Wetland boundaries determined on the basis of each parameter differed; they were within 38 m horizontal distance and 1.1 m vertical distance on the transects where all three boundaries could be determined. These boundaries were relatively close considering the length of the transects, the coarse resolution of the soils and hydrology data, and certain assumptions made during the analysis. On one of the remaining transects, the hydrology and soils boundaries differed by >100m horizontal distance and 0.4 m vertical distance. Only a vegetation boundary was established on the fourth transect.

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“…Different recharge areas and flow path lengths in these flow systems contribute to differences in water chemistry. The presence of local and regional flow systems have been linked to variations in groundwater chemistry in wetlands (Carter and Novitski, 1988). Calles (1985) used differences in the electrical conductivity of shallow and deep groundwater to show that the contribution of deep groundwater to a first order stream increased from about 5 per cent to 20 per cent in a downstream direction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Groundwater cation concentrations in the riparian zone of a forested headwater stream

Hill

1990

Hydrological Processes

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Groundwater cation concentrations in relation to hydrologic flow paths were studied in the riparian forest zone of a small headwater catchment near Toronto, Ontario. Groundwater entering the riparian zone from uplands showed significant differences in cation concentrations between slope-foot and near-stream locations. Mean Ca, Mg, K, and Na concentrations in shallow groundwater at the upland perimeter of the riparian forest were 65.0,11.2,0.7, and 1.8 mg L-' respectively. Mean Ca, Mg, K, and Na concentrations in deep groundwater flowing upwards through glacial sands beneath the riparian zone were 52.1, 15.1, 1.3, and 2.6 mg L-' respectively. Shallow groundwater emerged as slope-foot springs producing surface rivulets which crossed the riparian zone to the streams. Deep groundwater flowed upward through organic soils into the rivulets and also discharged directly to the streams as bed and bank seepage. Springs had higher Ca concentrations and lower Mg, K, and Na values than rivulets entering the streams. Conversely, Mg, K, and Na concentrations were higher and Ca concentrations were lower in bank seeps in comparison to rivulets. These results suggest that differences in cation concentrations in groundwater entering the streams result from initial contrast in the chemistry of shallow and deep groundwater rather than from the effects of riparian soils and vegetation.

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Some Comments on the Relation Between Ground Water and Wetlands

Cited by 5 publications

References 13 publications

Vegetation development and restoration potential of drained reservoirs following dam removal in Wisconsin

Vegetation development and restoration potential of drained reservoirs following dam removal in Wisconsin

Ecotone Dynamics and Boundary Determination in the Great Dismal Swamp

Groundwater cation concentrations in the riparian zone of a forested headwater stream

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