Some Diseases of Trees in Greater New York

Graves, Arthur Harmount

doi:10.1080/00275514.1919.12016785

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Given that butternut is not a dominant forest tree, benign or latent infections may have gone unnoticed or misdiagnosed for several years. For instance, the first reports of widespread butternut dieback were recorded in the 1920s (Graves 1919 , 1923 ). However, the disease was attributed to Melanconis juglandis , even though the dieback symptoms could not be routinely replicated in greenhouse studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Isolates of Oc-j have also been shown to vary in their virulence to butternut (Ostry and Moore 2008 ; Broders et al 2011a ). Given the above information, it is possible that isolates of Oc-j more commonly associated with anthracnose-like symptoms and dieback symptoms described by Graves ( 1919 , 1923 ) were introduced into the northeastern United States and Canada around the turn of the century (Graves 1919 ). A more virulent strain may have been introduced into the upper Midwest via the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway causing the distinctive cankers that led to the initial diagnosis of butternut canker in the 1960s.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Population structure of the butternut canker fungus, Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum, in North American forests

Broders

Boraks

Sánchez

et al. 2012

Ecology and Evolution

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The occurrence of multiple introduction events, or sudden emergence from a host jump, of forest pathogens may be an important factor in successful establishment in a novel environment or on a new host; however, few studies have focused on the introduction and emergence of fungal pathogens in forest ecosystems. While Ophiognomonia clavigignenti-juglandacearum (Oc-j), the butternut canker fungus, has caused range-wide mortality of butternut trees in North America since its first observation in 1967, the history of its emergence and spread across the United States and Canada remains unresolved. Using 17 single nucleotide polymorphic loci, we investigated the genetic population structure of 101 isolates of Oc-j from across North America. Clustering analysis revealed that the Oc-j population in North America is made up of three differentiated genetic clusters of isolates, and these genetic clusters were found to have a strong clonal structure. These results, in combination with the geographic distribution of the populations, suggest that Oc-j was introduced or has emerged in North America on more than one occasion, and these clonal lineages have since proliferated across much of the range of butternut. No evidence of genetic recombination was observed in the linkage analysis, and conservation of the distinct genetic clusters in regions where isolates from two or more genetic clusters are present, would indicate a very minimal or non-existent role of sexual recombination in populations of Oc-j in North America.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population structure of the butternut canker fungus, Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum, in North American forests

Broders

Boraks

Sánchez

et al. 2012

Ecology and Evolution

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“…(perfect state: Melanconis juglandis Ellis & Everhart Graves) as the pathogen responsible for diseased butternuts (Graves ). In fact, Graves states that ‘Almost without exception the mature butternut trees in the region surveyed (New York and Connecticut) were in a moribund condition, sometimes only a few of the smaller branches being dead, while in extreme cases the entire tree had succumbed’ (Graves ). The author go on to state that the disease is widespread, having been reported in Connecticut, Maryland, Pennsylvania and New York.…”

Section: How Long Has Oc‐j Been In North America?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent insights into the pandemic disease butternut canker caused by the invasive pathogen Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum

Broders

Boraks

Barbison³

et al. 2014

Forest Pathology

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In the 25 years following the initial 1967 report of the disease, butternut canker was able to quickly spread throughout the entire range of butternut (Juglans cinerea) in North America, from Minnesota in the upper Midwest to Tennessee in the south and Quebec in the northeast. The speed of this dispersal is notable as butternut trees do not make up a significant proportion of any single forest type. Instead, they are usually found sparingly in most mixed hardwood forests. In this review, we synthesize the current knowledge of the invasion process of the butternut canker pathogen, Ophiognomonia clavigignenti-juglandacearum, an invasive fungal pathogen, that as its emergence has spread across North America and is now found wherever butternut naturally occurs. Taxonomic studies have determined that the fungus belongs in the genus Ophiognomonia, which includes a number of saprophytes, endophytes and pathogens of members of the Fagales, rather than the genus Sirococcus, which includes several important pine pathogens. The ability of fungus to be dispersed by rain splash, transported on and in beetle vectors, transmitted by infected seed and successfully colonized several species of Juglans and Carya have all likely contributed to the rapid increase in abundance and severity of disease and tree mortality in the invaded forest ecosystems. Recent genomic and population genetic analyses have determined that there were at least three emergence events. A less virulent strain of the fungus likely has been present in the north eastern United States for over a century, but it was the emergence of a more virulent strain of the fungus in Minnesota and Wisconsin in the 1960s that resulted in range-wide mortality and pushed butternut to be listed as an endangered species in Canada and a number of states in the United States.

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Die wichtigsten holzbewohnenden Nectrien aus der Gruppe der Krebserreger

Richter¹

1928

Z. F. Parasitenkunde

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Some Diseases of Trees in Greater New York

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Population structure of the butternut canker fungus, Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum, in North American forests

Population structure of the butternut canker fungus, Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum, in North American forests

Recent insights into the pandemic disease butternut canker caused by the invasive pathogen Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum

Die wichtigsten holzbewohnenden Nectrien aus der Gruppe der Krebserreger

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