Some effects of methylmercury and lindane on sodium regulation in the amphipod Gammarus duebeni during changes in the salinity of its medium

Acute Toxicity of Organophosphorus Insecticides to Marine Invertebrates

“…Salinity, hardness and pH of the medium can in fact greatly influence the results of these ecotoxicological tests. Generally the toxicants are less effective in medium with highest salinity (Inman and Lockwood 1977;Stephenson 1983). Freshwater Brachionus rubens and B. calyciflorus demostrated a more similiar toxicological response in diazinon and parathion-methyl testing, while B. rubens and calyciflorus is more sensitive than the marine invertebrates to malathion and on the contrary Artemia sp and B. plicatilis to chlorpyrifos.…”

Tolerance of Intertidal Amphipods to Fluctuating Conditions of Salinity, Oxygen and Copper

“…This period of respite would permit removal of accumulated copper via the urine (Bryan, 1971). Removal of copper would be unlikely or impossible when the animals are faced with copper in fresh water since, under these conditions, maintenance of ionic and osmotic integrity would require production of hypotonic urine and active uptake of ions (Inman & Lockwood, 1977). Copper is highly toxic in fresh water and a number of authors have stated that it acts synergistically with salinity (e.g.…”

“…Earlier experiments showed clearly that the two species of amphipod differed in their ability to tolerate low oxygen tensions. It is known that the brackish-water species G. duebeni is a good osmoregulator and it seems likely that the marine M. marinus is unable to regulate in very dilute sea water (Inman & Lockwood, 1977;Bettison & Davenport, 1976). It is pertinent to enquire whether their physiological differences extend to the pattern of oxygen consumption, and experiments were designed to compare rate of oxygen usage under decreasing oxygen tension.…”

Influence of Fluctuating Salinity on Insecticide Tolerance of Two Euryhaline Arthropods

“…Several studies have already demonstrated that pesticides and heavy metals can cause a disruption of normal osmotic balance in Þsh (Kinter et al 1972, Renfro et al 1974, Lock et al 1981) and crustaceans (Caldwell 1974, Inman and Lockwood 1977, Neufeld and Pritchard 1979. Both euryhaline species used in this study, the mosquito Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) and brine shrimp (Artemia sp.)…”

“…When exposed to such pollutants, osmoregulating animals may encounter severe physiological stress that can enhance toxic effects (Inman and Lockwood 1977). Studies have shown that osmotic stress decreases the resistance of larvae of several crustaceans to toxicant exposure (Vernberg et al 1973, Rosenberg and Costlow 1976, Middaugh and Floyd 1978, McKenney and Neff 1979.…”