Some factors to be considered in the study of lumbosacral fusion

Lanier, Raymond R.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330120310

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…For a nearthrosis due to lumbarization, the promontory is on the same plane as the arcuate line. Some researchers have argued that sacralization by fusion of lumbar and sacral vertebrae can be ascertained only after having surveyed the entire vertebral column (Williams, 1918;Lanier, 1954;Diehl and Holmberg, 1968;Magora and Schwartz, 1978). These researchers infer sacralization if an individual has 23 presacral and six sacral vertebrae; the modal numbers are 24 and five, respectively (Standring, 2005b).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Sacralization is not associated with elongated cervical costal process and cervical rib

Tague

2010

Clinical Anatomy

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Cervical rib/elongated costal process of the seventh cervical vertebra and sacralization of a lumbar vertebra are associated with clinical problems-neurological, vascular, and obstetrical. A previous study reported an association between these morphologies, and suggested that clinicians use presence of one trait to predict presence of the other. This study tested three hypotheses from this association: costal process length among individuals with sacralization differs from that among individuals without sacralization for: (1) only the seventh cervical vertebra, (2) only transitional presacral vertebrae-seventh cervical, twelfth thoracic, and fifth lumbar, and (3) presacral vertebrae in general. Skeletons of 961 individuals between ages 20 and 49 years from the United States were surveyed for sacralization. Costal process length was measured on 100 individuals with sacralization and 184 without sacralization for cervical vertebrae 3 to 7, thoracic vertebrae 11 and 12, and all lumbar vertebrae. Cervical rib was evaluated for 102 individuals with sacralization and 472 without sacralization. Results showed that 11% (105 of 961) of individuals have sacralization. Compared to individuals without sacralization, those with sacralization: (1) have significantly longer costal process for the last lumbar vertebra, but are nonsignificantly different for costal process lengths of other vertebrae, (2) are nonsignificantly different in prevalence of cervical rib-2.9% with sacralization and 0.4% without sacralization, and (3) are significantly more likely to have an extra presacral vertebra. Clinically, results suggest that sacralization is not a predicate for either cervical rib or elongated costal process of the seventh cervical vertebra.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Sacralization is not associated with elongated cervical costal process and cervical rib

Tague

2010

Clinical Anatomy

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“…Thus, with respect to the biomechanical importance of the sacro-iliac joint shaping, sacrum formation and pelvis morphogenesis appear to be developmentally separated but epigenetically coupled events. This interpretation is supported by naturally occurring disturbances of these events, like different, asymmetric stages of lumbarization and sacralization in human pelvis morphogenesis (Lanier, 1954) or asymmetric sacro-iliac joint formation in Bombina variegata and B. bombina (Rockova and Rocek, 2005).…”

Section: Joint Formationmentioning

confidence: 92%

4D‐analysis of early pelvic girdle development in the mouse (Mus musculus)

Pomikal

Streicher

2009

Journal of Morphology

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The formation of limb girdles is a key-novelty in vertebrate evolution. Although the knowledge of pattern formation, genetic, and molecular analysis of limb development has prodigiously grown over the past four decades, the morphogenesis of the pelvic element, joining the appendicular with the axial skeleton has poorly been investigated. Because of their heterochrony in development and evolution, axial and appendicular skeletal elements have seldom been seen as a cojoined morphological complex. The present study examines the pelvis morphogenesis in the mouse (Mus musculus), with special focuses on the axio-appendicular linkage, the formation and number of elements, and the joint formation. Serial histological sections of specimens from Theiler stages (TH) 18-25 (Theiler, 1972) were examined using bright field microscopy. 3D-models of the growing pelvis were reconstructed from these serial sections. The generated 3D-models were subsequently integrated into a computer-animated 4D-visualization illustrating the complex developmental dynamics of the mammalian pelvis morphogenesis. The findings demonstrate that the pelvic element forms from a single mesenchymal condensation in close vicinity to the appendicular skeleton. From the early start of development the pelvic element is limb-associated, and quite lately connects to the axial skeleton. Additionally, the 4D-visualization of the entire developmental process reveals a yet unnoticed reorientation of the mouse pelvic element from an initial posteriorly oblique developmental position to a ventrally oblique definitive position.

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“…Moore (1924) and Lanier (1954) considered fusion of the transverse process(-es) of the lumbar vertebra to the ala(-e) of the sacrum to be ''congenital''-''fusions of this nature are found in embryos and fetuses and have never been observed to develop in the postnatal period'' (Lanier, 1954, p 366). This statement, however, overlooks the fact that sacral vertebrae do not begin fusing with one another until early in the second decade of life (Scheuer and Black, 2000).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Some researchers have argued that a high assimilation sacrum can only be ascertained by surveying the entire vertebral column (Williams, 1918;Lanier, 1954;Diehl and Holmberg, 1968;Magora and Schwartz, 1978). That is, an individual is inferred to have a high assimilation sacrum if (s)he has six sacral and four lumbar vertebrae; the modal numbers are five and five, respectively (Standring, 2005).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“….. [T]hese (are) pathological fusions.'' Despite this distinction by Lanier (1954), the present study combined all individuals with a high assimilation sacrum in a single sample for analysis. The reason is that the majority of individuals with a high assimilation sacrum have a combination of ''congenital'' and ''pathological'' fusion (see below).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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High assimilation of the sacrum in a sample of American skeletons: Prevalence, pelvic size, and obstetrical and evolutionary implications

Tague

2008

American J Phys Anthropol

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High assimilation sacrum is fusion of the caudal-most lumbar vertebra to the first sacral vertebra. Previous studies have shown that high assimilation is associated with clinical problems, including obstetrical difficulty. This study used adult American males (n = 1,048) and females (n = 1,038) of the Hamann-Todd and Terry skeletal collections to determine the prevalence of high assimilation and its effect on pelvic size, and to consider the obstetrical and evolutionary implications of high assimilation. The prevalence of high assimilation in this sample is 6.3%, with males and females not differing significantly from one another in their prevalence. This prevalence is near the median for that reported in 41 other samples. In both males and females, individuals with high assimilation have significantly longer anteroposterior and posterior sagittal diameters of the inlet, and shorter sacrum compared to those with a nonassimilated sacrum. Females with high assimilation have a significantly narrower sacral angulation (i.e., reduced inclination of ventral axis of sacrum), and shorter posterior sagittal diameter of the outlet compared to those with a nonassimilated sacrum. A short posterior sagittal diameter of the outlet is associated with childbirth difficulty. As high assimilation is partial homeotic transformation of a lumbar vertebra, this study supports previous research that homeotic transformation of vertebrae is selectively disadvantageous.

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Some factors to be considered in the study of lumbosacral fusion

Cited by 14 publications

References 7 publications

Sacralization is not associated with elongated cervical costal process and cervical rib

Sacralization is not associated with elongated cervical costal process and cervical rib

4D‐analysis of early pelvic girdle development in the mouse (Mus musculus)

High assimilation of the sacrum in a sample of American skeletons: Prevalence, pelvic size, and obstetrical and evolutionary implications

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