Some Highlights in the History of High-Speed Photography and Photonics as Applied to Ballistics

Fuller, Peter

doi:10.1007/3-540-27168-6_7

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…While the perspective view was meant to capture the three-dimensional fragmentation dynamics of the projectile, the orthogonal videos were recorded to compute the projectile impact and exit speeds, via the well-known time-of-flight principle: knowing a priori the dimensions of a reference object, the video's resolution, and time history, the projectile trajectory is easily transformed into impact velocity. Such a method is one of the most used in ballistics to effectively evaluate the trajectory of bullets [22], with multiple applications in 2D and 3D analyses [23]. In the present work, even if the bullet itself could have been in principle used as reference for calibration, its small dimensions would have introduced a potentially high error; consequently, the reference object was a background reference plane, a chessboard panel attached perpendicularly to the frame.…”

Section: Testing Setup and Impact Speed Computationmentioning

confidence: 96%

Ballistic Impacts with Bullet Splash—Load History Estimation for .308 Bullets vs. Hard Steel Targets

et al. 2023

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The study focuses on testing a simplified way of estimating the resultant force due to ballistic impacts resulting in a full fragmentation of the impactor with no penetration of the target. The method is intended to be useful for the parsimonious structural assessment of military aircrafts with integrated ballistic protection systems by means of large scale explicit finite element simulations. The research investigates the effectiveness of the method in allowing the prediction of the fields of plastic deformation collected by hard steel plates impacted by a wide range of semi-jacketed, monolithic, and full metal jacket .308 Winchester rifle bullets. The outcomes show the effectiveness of the method being strictly related to the full compliance of the considered cases with the bullet-splash hypotheses. The study therefore suggests the application of the load history approach only after careful experimental investigations on the specific impactor–target interactions.

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Section: Testing Setup and Impact Speed Computationmentioning

confidence: 96%

Ballistic Impacts with Bullet Splash—Load History Estimation for .308 Bullets vs. Hard Steel Targets

et al. 2023

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“…A flicker factor of 0% means a constant flicker-free light, whereas 100% represents lighting vanishing entirely at its lower value or maximum flickering. Generally, a flicker factor of up to 3% is considered as flicker-free for general applications, including moderate high speed applications (Fuller, 2005).…”

Section: Lightingmentioning

confidence: 99%

High speed cameras for motion analysis in sports science

Pueo¹

2016

jhse

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Pueo, B. (2016). High speed cameras for motion analysis in sports science. J. Hum. Sport Exerc., 11(1), 53-73. Video analysis can be a qualitative or quantitative process to analyze motion occurring in a single plane using one camera (two-dimensional or 2D) or in more than one plane using two or more cameras simultaneously (three-dimensional or 3D). Quantitative 2D video analysis is performed through a digitizing process that converts body segments or sport implements into digital horizontal and vertical coordinates in the computer. In order for these measurements to be accurate, image capture by means of video cameras must be sharp and motion blur-free, especially in high speed motions. In this paper, a detailed introduction to factors affecting image quality will be presented. Furthermore, selection of the most appropriate camera setting to undertake high speed motion analysis with the best quality possible, both spatially (focus and resolution) and temporally (frame rate, motion blur, shutter options and lighting), will be discussed. Rather than considering commercial criteria, the article will focus on key features to choose the most convenient model both from technical and economical perspectives. Then, a revision of available cameras on the market as of 2015 will be carried out, with selected models grouped into three categories: high-, mid-and low-range, according to their maximum performance in relation to high speed features. Finally, a suggested recording procedure to minimize perspective errors and produce high quality video recordings will be presented. This guideline starts with indications for camera selection prior to purchase or for testing if a given camera would fulfil the minimum features. A good video recording dramatically improves the analysis quality and enables digitizing software to produce accurate measurements.

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“…The main development motivation for high-speed imaging came, as with much high-rate scientific research, in the wake of the Manhattan project and nuclear weapons research during the cold war. Coupled with a desire to study ballistics in greater depth (Fuller 2005), it gave birth to the modern understanding of high-speed photography. In the 1950s, rotating mirror technology was applied to high-speed imaging of thermonuclear weapons (Bowden and McOnie 1967;Coleman 1959) with the technology eventually capable of recording at 1 Mfps.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Speed Photography and Digital Optical Measurement Techniques for Geomaterials: Fundamentals and Applications

et al. 2017

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Geomaterials (i.e., rock, sand, soil and concrete) are increasingly being encountered and used in extreme environments, in terms of the pressure magnitude and the loading rate. Advancing the understanding of the mechanical response of materials to impact loading relies heavily on having suitable high-speed diagnostics. One such diagnostic is high-speed photography, which combined with a variety of digital optical measurement techniques can provide detailed insights into phenomena including fracture, impact, fragmentation and penetration in geological materials. This review begins with a brief history of high-speed imaging. Section 2 discusses of the current state-of-the-art of high-speed cameras, which includes a comparison between Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) and Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) sensors. The application of high-speed photography to geomechanical experiments is summarized in Section 3. Section 4 is concerned with digital optical measurement techniques including photoelastic coating, Moiré, caustics, holographic interferometry (HI), particle image velocimetry (PIV), digital image correlation (DIC) and infrared thermography (IRT), in combination with highspeed photography to capture transient phenomena. The last section provides a brief summary and discussion of future directions in the field.

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Some Highlights in the History of High-Speed Photography and Photonics as Applied to Ballistics

Cited by 7 publications

References 9 publications

Ballistic Impacts with Bullet Splash—Load History Estimation for .308 Bullets vs. Hard Steel Targets

Ballistic Impacts with Bullet Splash—Load History Estimation for .308 Bullets vs. Hard Steel Targets

High speed cameras for motion analysis in sports science

High-Speed Photography and Digital Optical Measurement Techniques for Geomaterials: Fundamentals and Applications

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