“…From that screened group, the participants were self-selected. Collins and Pascarella (2003) would definitely consider a self-selected group to be confounding, but based upon previous research (Biner et al, 1997;Coldeway, MacRury, & Spencer, 1980;the National Center for Educational Statistics, 1999;Rosenthal, Mathews, & Stout, 1992;Ross & Powell, 1990;Spronk & Radtke, 1987;Sturrock, 1988;Washburn-Hawkins, 1997;and Zarghami, 1997), self-selected distance education students are the norm.…”