SOME NEUROLOGICAL SPECIES DIFFERENCES ‐ <i>A POSTERIORI</i>*

Mehler, William R.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb20460.x

Cited by 476 publications

(114 citation statements)

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“…The in the monkey thalamus has been described in a number of archipelago-like nature of the terminations and show the exisstudies (Mehler et al, 1960;Bowsher, 196 1;Mehler, 1969; Kent tence of a significant concentration in the general region here and Kerr, 1975;Boivie, 1979;Berkley, 1980;Burton and Craig, defined as the CO-weak cap of WM. Unfortunately, few pre-1983; Mantyh, 1983; Apkarian and Hodge, 1989a-c; Gingold vious accounts have been accompanied by photomicrographs et al, 199 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This subnucleus is CO rich, and in primates both spinothalamic and medial lemniscal fibers terminate in it (Mehler et al, 1960;Bowsher, 196 1;Mehler, 1969;Kerr and Lippman, 1974;Kerr, 1975;Boivie, 1978Boivie, , 1979Applebaum et al, 1979;Berkley, 1980;Tracey et al, 1980;Asanuma et al, 1983;Burton and Craig, 1983;Mantyh, 1983;Apkarian and Hodge, 1989~). However, any relationship of the calbindin-and parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells to a compartmental organization or to the differential terminations of the two somatosensory pathways, and the possibility of their differential projections upon the somatosensory cortex have not been revealed.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Calbindin and parvalbumin cells in monkey VPL thalamic nucleus: distribution, laminar cortical projections, and relations to spinothalamic terminations

et al. 1992

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The ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL) of the monkey thalamus was investigated by histochemical staining for cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity and by immunocytochemical staining for the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin and 28 kDa calbindin. Anterograde and retrograde tracing experiments were used to correlate patterns of differential distribution of CO activity and of parvalbumin and calbindin cells with the terminations of spinothalamic tract fibers and with the types of cells projecting differentially to superficial and deeper layers of primary somatosensory cortex (SI). VPL is composed of CO-rich and CO- weak compartments. Cells are generally smaller in the CO-weak compartment. Parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells and parvalbumin- immunoreactive medial lemniscal fiber terminations are confined to the CO-rich compartment. Calbindin-immunoreactive cells are found in both the CO-rich and CO-weak compartments. The CO-weak compartment, containing only calbindin cells, forms isolated zones throughout VPL and expands as a cap covering the posterior surface of the ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM). Spinothalamic tract terminations tend to be concentrated in the CO-weak compartment, especially in the posterior cap. Other CO-weak, parvalbumin-negative, calbindin-positive nuclei, including the posterior, ventral posterior inferior, and anterior pulvinar and the small-celled matrix of VPM are also associated with concentrations of spinothalamic and caudal trigeminothalamic terminations. Parvalbumin cells are consistently larger than calbindin cells and are retrogradely labeled only after injections of tracers in middle and deep layers of SI. The smaller calbindin cells are the only cells retrogradely labeled after placement of retrograde tracers that primarily involve layer I of SI. The compartmental organization of VPL is similar to but less rigid than that previously reported in VPM. VPL and VPM relay cells projecting to different layers of SI cortex can be distinguished by differential immunoreactivity for the two calcium-binding proteins. The small- celled, CO-weak, calbindin-positive zones of VPL and VPM appear to form part of a wider system of smaller thalamic neurons unconstrained by traditional nuclear boundaries that are preferentially the targets of spinothalamic and caudal trigeminal inputs, and that may have preferential access to layer I of SI.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Calbindin and parvalbumin cells in monkey VPL thalamic nucleus: distribution, laminar cortical projections, and relations to spinothalamic terminations

et al. 1992

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“…1) (Fig. 1), but the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (22,23) on the lesioned side is reduced in size and in parvalbumin immunoreactivity (Fig. 1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Chronic deafferentation in monkeys differentially affects nociceptive and nonnociceptive pathways distinguished by specific calcium-binding proteins and down-regulates gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors at thalamic levels.

Rausell

Cusick

Taub

et al. 1992

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

121

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Chronic deafferentation of skin and peripheral tissues is associated with plsticit of representational maps in cerebral cortex and with perturbations of sensory experience that indude severe "central" pain. This study shows that in normal monkeys the nonnocieptive, emniscal component of the somatosensory pathways at spinal, brainstem, and thahamic levels is dguihed by cells and fibers immunoreactive for the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin, whereas cells of the nociceptive component at these levels are distinguished by Immunoreactivity for 28-kDa calbindin.Long-term dorsal rhizotomies in monkeys lead to transneuronal degeneration of parvalbumin cells at brainstem and thalamic sites accompanied in the thalamus by a downregulation of y-aminobutyric acid type A receptors and an apparent increase in activity of calbindin cells preferentially innervated by central pain pathways. Release from inhibition and imbalance in patterns of somatosensory inputs from thalamus to cerebral cortex may constitute subcortical mechanisms for inducing changes in representational maps and perturbations of sensory perception, including central pain.Long-standing denervation of skin and other peripheral tissues is associated with modifications of cerebral cortical representational maps of the body surface in experimental animals (1,2) and in humans with abnormal sensations that can include severe pain (3, 4). Central mechanisms that underlie plasticity of cortical maps and phenomena of central or deafferentation pain are poorly understood but are commonly believed to derive from an imbalance in the inputs to higher centers from nociceptive and nonnociceptive components of the ascending somatosensory pathways (5). These pathways include the dorsal column-lemniscal and spinothalamic systems, which, to a large extent, reflect the division of the somatosensory system into nonnociceptive and nociceptive components, respectively. Mechanisms of representational plasticity and perturbed sensory perceptions, such as central pain, may involve unmasking of previously silent synaptic connections (6), up-or down-regulation of neurotransmitter systems (7), sprouting of axons, and formation of new synapses (8); these mechanisms may operate at cortical or subcortical levels or both (9). The present investigation shows the differential expression of two calcium-binding proteins in the somatosensory pathways and the effects wrought by massive loss of afferent input upon the thalamus, the key structure in relay of sensory information to cerebral cortex (10). METHODSTwelve Macacafascicularis and three Macacafuscata monkeys were used in these investigations. Nine of the former and all three of the latter species were normal. Three M. fascicularis monkeys at 3-4 yr had been subjected in another laboratory to unilateral or bilateral section of all dorsal roots of the spinal cord from the second cervical to the fourth thoracic segments and permitted to survive for 12 or more years (11). These animals, housed at the Delta Regional Primate Center, were...

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“…It is possible that the dorsomedial strip in the periaqueductal grey matter functions as a major reflex centre for the defence reaction, providing the stereotyped pattern of behavioural and visceral changes in response to altering stimuli in general and noxious stimuli in particular. Indeed, the periaqueductal grey matter is known to receive direct projections from the spinal cord whereas the hypothalamus does not (Mehler, 1969), and rats decerebrated so as to leave the mid-brain intact are quite capable of co ordinated defensive behaviour in response to noxious cutaneous stimulation (Woods, 1964). Conversely, lesions of the periaqueductal grey matter virtually eliminate the defensive behaviour of wild rats to a variety of threatening stimuli (Blanchard, Williams, Lee & Blanchard, 1981).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A search for brain stem cell groups integrating the defence reaction in the rat.

Hilton¹,

Redfern²

1986

The Journal of Physiology

222

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SUMMARY1. The defence areas of the rat brain stem have been extensively explored using electrical and chemical stimulation in an attempt to locate the regions containing the perikarya of neurones which may initiate or integrate the visceral and behavioural components of the defence reaction.2. In rats anaesthetized with alphaxalone-alphadolone, a cannula electrode was used to compare the responses to electrical stimuli with those evoked by microinjection of the excitatory amino acid D,L-homocysteic acid (DLH), at the same site. A total of 128 sites throughout the brain stem was studied in 75 rats.3. The pattern of visceral and somatic changes characteristic of the defence reaction, viz. increases in arterial blood pressure and heart rate, vasodilatation in hind-limb muscles and vasoconstriction in the kidney, hyperpnoea and tachypnoea, exophthalmos, mydriasis, twitching of the vibrissae and retroflexion of the tail, was evoked by electrical stimulation within well-defined regions of the brain stem, from the anterior hypothalamus to the pons.4. Microinjection of DLH into the same regions could evoke the full defence reaction, as defined above, but only from the dorsomedial periaqueductal grey matter. Three other regions were defined from which almost all the autonomic components of the defence reaction were evoked, except that blood pressure fell. These were located: (a) immediately dorsal to the optic chiasma, (b) in the medial tuberal region of the hypothalamus and (c) in the lateral pontine tegmentum.5. In conscious rats with implanted guide cannulae, darting and flight responses were evoked by microinjections of DLH into the periaqueductal grey matter but not from the hypothalamus or tegmentum. Brisk locomotion followed injections of DLH into the region overlying the optic chiasma.6. It is concluded that the brain stem neurones involved in integrating the somatic and visceral components of the defence reaction are concentrated within the four regions defined above. Whereas neurones in the periaqueductal grey matter can initiate the fully integrated defence reaction, those concentrated in the three other areas cannot be shown to do so. Of these three cell groups, the suprachiasmatic neurones seem to be closer in function to the periaqueductal group than are the neurones in the tuberal hypothalamus and pontine tegmentum.

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SOME NEUROLOGICAL SPECIES DIFFERENCES ‐ *A POSTERIORI**

Abstract: “Human imagination is the source of the greatest triumphs of science, technology, art, and philosophy. We must be careful not to cripple its exercise by arbitrary restrictions. It gives us our preeminence over the brutes.” C. J. Herrick 1956 The Evolution of Human Nature

Cited by 476 publications

References 93 publications

Calbindin and parvalbumin cells in monkey VPL thalamic nucleus: distribution, laminar cortical projections, and relations to spinothalamic terminations

Calbindin and parvalbumin cells in monkey VPL thalamic nucleus: distribution, laminar cortical projections, and relations to spinothalamic terminations

Chronic deafferentation in monkeys differentially affects nociceptive and nonnociceptive pathways distinguished by specific calcium-binding proteins and down-regulates gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors at thalamic levels.

A search for brain stem cell groups integrating the defence reaction in the rat.

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SOME NEUROLOGICAL SPECIES DIFFERENCES ‐ A POSTERIORI*

Abstract: “Human imagination is the source of the greatest triumphs of science, technology, art, and philosophy. We must be careful not to cripple its exercise by arbitrary restrictions. It gives us our preeminence over the brutes.” C. J. Herrick 1956 The Evolution of Human Nature

Cited by 476 publications

References 93 publications

Calbindin and parvalbumin cells in monkey VPL thalamic nucleus: distribution, laminar cortical projections, and relations to spinothalamic terminations

Calbindin and parvalbumin cells in monkey VPL thalamic nucleus: distribution, laminar cortical projections, and relations to spinothalamic terminations

Chronic deafferentation in monkeys differentially affects nociceptive and nonnociceptive pathways distinguished by specific calcium-binding proteins and down-regulates gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors at thalamic levels.

A search for brain stem cell groups integrating the defence reaction in the rat.

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SOME NEUROLOGICAL SPECIES DIFFERENCES ‐ *A POSTERIORI**