“…‘Third generation’ PV technologies have been developed to pursue high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and low cost, these include light-condensed cells, organic PVs (OPVs), dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), organic–inorganic hybrid solar cells, and so on. The large flexibility in the shape, color and transparency of third generation solar cells, particularly DSSCs, makes them one of the most promising technologies for photo-to-electricity conversion applications [4–8]. Currently, in the laboratory, DSSCs have reached 13% efficiency under standard reporting conditions [9], providing a credible alternative to the conventional p–n junction PV devices.…”