Some Peculiarities of Pulmonary Clearance Mechanisms in Rats after Intratracheal Instillation of Magnetite (Fe₃O₄) Suspensions with Different Particle Sizes in the Nanometer and Micrometer Ranges: Are We Defenseless against Nanoparticles?

Carbon black nanoparticles induce biphasic gene expression changes associated with inflammatory responses in the lungs of C57BL/6 mice following a single intratracheal instillation

“…In another study using nano-scale hyperspectral microscope, intratracheally instilled titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO 2 ) were shown to evade particle clearing mechanisms and deposit in the lung, thus inducing long-lasting pulmonary inflammation and translocation of nanoparticles to the blood, heart, and liver (Husain et al, 2013;Husain et al, 2015). In fact, it has been established in several studies that nanosized particles are not readily recognized by macrophages, and thus their clearance is hampered (Ferin et al, 1992;Katsnelson et al, 2010). This may lead to accumulation of CBNPs within the lung, sustained inflammation, development of granulomas, tissue damage, and eventually pulmonary disease (Heinrich et al, 1995;Driscoll et al, 1996;Bermudez et al, 2002;Bermudez et al, 2004;Carter et al, 2006).…”

Some inferences from in vivo experiments with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles: the pulmonary phagocytosis response, subchronic systemic toxicity and genotoxicity, regulatory proposals, searching for bioprotectors (a self-overview)

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] We experimented with NPs of iron oxide Fe 3 O 4 (magnetite) having mean diameters 10 nm, 50 nm or 1 mcm, gold (4 nm or 50 nm), silver (4 nm, 49 nm or 1.1 mcm), copper oxide (20 nm or 340 nm), nickel oxide NiO (30 nm), and manganese oxide Mn 3 O 4 (32 nm). Keeping in mind the above mentioned theoretical premises of our research, we used purposefully prepared and accurately characterized NPs of pure metals or their oxides suspended in deionized water rather than commercial nanomaterials.…”

“…Keeping in mind the above mentioned theoretical premises of our research, we used purposefully prepared and accurately characterized NPs of pure metals or their oxides suspended in deionized water rather than commercial nanomaterials. Only iron oxide magnetite NPs were synthesized chemically [1][2][3] while in all other cases we used a technique of laser ablation of a 99.99% pure metal target in water followed by laser fragmentation for preventing particle aggregation. The main advantages of this technique are as follows: a) it provides nano-suspensions with a sufficiently narrow particle size distribution (examples are shown in Figures 1 and 2) and b) these suspensions are highly stable as a rule, maintaining their characteristics without any noticeable particle aggregation over periods sufficient for carrying out experiments described below.…”

“…During 2009-2014 our experimental work was focused on trying to find answers to these important questions. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Although in the vast nanotoxicological literature of the last decade studies concerned with the assessment of metal or metal-oxide NP toxicity are not at the top of the list, such publications are nevertheless quite numerous. To illustrate this, we may refer to several works devoted to NPs of the metals that were the subject-matter of our own studies considered below: iron oxide, [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] silver, gold, 24,[45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58] copper and copper oxide, 43,[59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68] nickel oxide, 65,…”

Subchronic Toxicity of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles and Its Attenuation with the Help of a Combination of Bioprotectors

“…Thus, engineered nanoparticles (NPs) of this kind are of interest for industrial toxicology not only as such, but also as a model object for characterizing the harmful action of the nano-fractions of corresponding industrial aerosols on the organism. Based on our studies of supermagnetic iron oxide (II, III), silver, and gold nanoparticles [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] which are actually encountered only in the manufacture of corresponding nanomaterials and in their applications in science, technology, or medicine, we proceeded to experimental research into the here stated problem, starting with copper oxide nanoparticles.…”