Some pharmaceutical applications of ultrasonics

Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of Cimetidine in Humans

“…Presumably, the patients did not have a normal hepatic-biliary function. The concentration of cimetidine in the bile found in the operative study (4) apparently was based on an assay that considers only free, untransformed drugs (3). In contrast, the nonoperative studies involving healthy subjects showed a remarkably small intraindividual variation in the blood drug levels (1,5).…”

“…Keyphrases Cimetidine-pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, humans Pharmacokinetics-cimetidine, humans Bioavailability-cimetidine, humans Blood levels of cimetidine in humans after oral dosing (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) and intravenous administration (2,5,6) have been analyzed with respect to the pharmacological response (2), influence of a meal on absorption (3), biliary distribution and secretion (4), and bioavailability (1, 5, 6). The drug shows unusual pharmacokinetic behavior in producing a significant secondary peak in the drug concentration profile after oral dosing on a fasting stomach but not after intravenous administration (5-7).…”

High Intensity Focused Ultrasound Technology, its Scope and Applications in Therapy and Drug Delivery

“…In the pharmaceutical and chemical industries, the application of ultrasound to promote chemical processes is broadly known as sonochemistry (3). Sonochemistry, or the physical and chemical interaction of ultrasound with molecular species, has been thoroughly studied (3)(4)(5) and is an important tool for promoting reactions used for synthetic and medicinal chemistry as well as for improving drug extraction processes (6)(7)(8)(9). Ultrasound is being explored to solve pharmaceutical manufacturing and formulation issues (10) as well as the dispersion of solids, the deagglomeration of solids in liquid and the preparation of colloids.…”

Effect of Particle Size on Ophthalmic Bioavailability of Dexamethasone Suspensions in Rabbits

“…Particle-Size Measurement-Several suspensions were formulated with narrow and nearly nonoverlapping particle-size distributions using an adapted sonification technique (3)(4)(5). The suspensions were formulated as simply as possible.…”