As part of an investigation devoted to the development of new antiviral agents a compound of established antiviral activity has been subjected to systematic structural modification. The structureactivity data so obtained have been used in the design of new compounds, some of which are described. The compound chosen was isatin f-thiosemicarbazone, which has high activity against neurovaccinia infection in mice, and a 4-point parallel-line assay of in vivo chemotherapeutic activity has been developed, which has enabled the activity of the derivatives to be determined against isatin f-thiosemicarbazone as a standard. The overall dimensions of the isatin /3-thiosemicarbazone molecule appear to be nearly maximal for the retention of high activity, as dll substituents in the aromatic ring decrease the activity irrespective of their nature or position. The projection of the -CS.NH2 group in relation to the ring nitrogen was found to be critical, as the a-thiosemicarbazone was inactive. A number of modifications of the side-chain were investigated: all led to reduction or loss of antiviral activity. The antiviral activity showed a positive correlation with chloroform solubility over a considerable range. The most active compound encountered was 1-ethylisatin f3-thiosemicarbazone, with an activity of 286 (isatin fl-thiosemicarbazone-100). Isatin g-thiosemicarbazone showed no activity against 15 other viruses, and 20 related compounds showed no activity against ectromelia.The antiviral effect of isatin /3-thiosemicarbazone (I) against vaccinia virus was first observed by Thompson, Minton, Officer, and Hitchings (1953), who found that mice receiving a diet containing 0.6% of the compound were protected against intracerebral infection with about 100 LD50 of the virus. Their experiments were not designed to demonstrate the maximum effect of the compound, and it was subsequently shown (Bauer, 1955)