Some Physical, Chemical, and Biological Parameters of Samples of Scleractinium Coral Aquaculture Skeleton Used for Reconstruction/Engineering of the Bone Tissue

Abstract

Physical and chemical (phase and chemical composition, dynamics of resorption, and strength properties), and biological (cytological compatibility and scaffold properties of the surface) properties of samples of scleractinium coral skeletons from aquacultures of three types and corresponding samples of natural coral skeletons (Pocillopora verrucosa, Acropora formosa, and Acropora nobilis) were studied. Samples of scleractinium coral aquaculture skeleton of A. nobilis, A. formosa, and P. verrucosa met the requirements (all study parameters) to materials for osteoplasty and 3D-scaffolds for engineering of bone tissue.

Biomaterials from the sea: Future building blocks for biomedical applications

“…Calcium phosphate hydrothermally-converted from coral resembles chemical composition of natural bone tissue. Skeletons of coral such as Pocillopora verrucosa and Acropora formosa meet the requirement of 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering [ 329 ]. Two reef-building coral skeletons derived from Goniopora coral and Porites coral have been used commercially as bone graft materials [ 351 ].…”

“…Two reef-building coral skeletons derived from Goniopora coral and Porites coral have been used commercially as bone graft materials [ 351 ]. Five effects of coral skeletons applied in this field include: (i) increase bioactivity via altering composition and crystal structure; ii) carry osteoinductive factors; (iii) enhance resorption properties; (iv) strengthen against compression forces in bone via converting to hydroxyapatite and fusing with hydroxyapatite nano-coatings; (v) increase bioactivity via interactions with surfaces [ 329 ] ( Fig. 9 A).…”

“…Marine-derived compounds suppress osteoclastogenesis through downregulating the expression of RANKL, NFATc1 and TRAP) ( A is reproduced from Ref. [ 329 ] with permission from the publisher; B is reproduced from Ref. [ 330 ] with permission from the publisher; C is reproduced from Ref.…”

The Regenerative Applicability of Bioactive Glass and Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate in Bone Tissue Engineering: A Transformation Perspective

“…To ensure that cells’ growth and regenerative capabilities are properly modulated and maintained, a scaffold should have one or more of these properties: osteoinduction (ability to induce stem cell differentiation to the bone lineage), osteoconduction (ability to maintain an optimum condition for neogenesis of the bone tissue), porosity, and mechanical stability [38,39,40,41]. From a performance-based perspective, some of these properties are more distinct than others in certain kinds of synthetic or natural materials.…”

Sustainably cultured coral scaffold supports human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell osteogenesis

“…Each species of coral naturally offers distinct pore sizes with varying levels of interconnectivity, thereby providing a bespoke capacity support blood vessel ingrowth, nutrient exchange, cell attachment/proliferation, weight bearing capacity and degradation profile to compliment the intended application [ 16 ]. A variety of coral genera, such as Porites [ [17] , [18] , [19] ], Goniopora [ 16 ], Madrepora [ 20 ], Pocillopora [ 21 , 22 ], Montipora [ 23 ] and Acropora [ 24 ] have been characterized for their physical and osteogenic properties, resulting in the launch of wild-harvested clinically approved grafting products such as Biocoral, Pro-osteon and Interpore [ 25 ]. Published reports comparing the resorption rates of naturally occurring Porites, Goniopora, Favites, Lobophyllia and Acropora scaffolds in both orthotopic and ectopic sites concluded that the resorption rate was dictated by the scaffold's porosity volume, calcium density and grafting location [ 13 , 26 ].…”