Some Practical Considerations in B. Pertussis Vaccine Preparation

Eldering, Grace; Kendrick, Pearl L.

doi:10.2105/ajph.26.5.506

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…It was therefore indicated that neither broth nor agar used alone could be relied upon to detect organisms which may be found as contaminants (staphylococci, diphtheroids, and Pseudomonas pyocyaneus) in biologic products. These observations were later corroborated by Eldering and Kendrick (1936).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 56%

A Comparative Study of the Use of Varying Concentrations of Agar in the Test Medium Used to Detect Contaminants in Biologic Products

1939

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 56%

A Comparative Study of the Use of Varying Concentrations of Agar in the Test Medium Used to Detect Contaminants in Biologic Products

1939

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“…m(TS) 6-3 growth). But between these extremes there are the I mode, the type of growth usually produced by Eldering & Kendrick's (1936) method (see also World Health Organisation, 1953) and an infinitude of other antigenic states. It would clearly be of interest to know which of these is the optimum, or if a mixture of modes is better than any one alone, or if an extracted antigen, of the kind described by Pillemer, Blum & Lepow (1954), is best of all.…”

Section: Modulation and Whooping Coughmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antigenic modulation ofBordetella pertussis

Lacey¹

1960

J. Hyg.

275

223

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The antigenic structure ofBordetella pertussisvaries continuously with environmental conditions of growth and, under suitable conditions, any of three forms (or modes) with markedly different antigenic surfaces may be developed. High temperatures and certain ions, such as sodium, potassium, halides, formate and nitrate, favour growth like that on Bordet and Gengou's medium at 35° C. Low temperatures and other ions, such as magnesium, sulphate and mono- and dicarboxylic acids with more than two carbon atoms, favour growth with a markedly different antigenic structure and character. These two extreme forms have been called X mode and C mode respectively. A third mode (called I mode) is induced within a narrow range of intermediate temperatures and ion ratios. Bacterial cells in C mode, unlike those in X mode, do not agglutinate red-blood cells, are not haemolytic or agglutinable by heavy metal salts, have no surface antigen related toBordetella parapertussisorB. bronchisepticaand are serotypically homogeneous.The influence of ions is a function of their species and ratios and not of their absolute concentrations or total ionic strength. A number of ions has been arranged in a pattern. In this the influence of any salt is represented at the centre of a line joining its component ions, and a measure of the influence of any salt mixture is given by the position of its imaginary centre of inertia. (For calculating this,massis represented by the product of salt concentration and conductance ratio andradius of gyrationby distance.) The influences of ions and temperature appear not to interact since their combined influence is proportional to the sum of their separate influences.The change from one mode to another (modulation) occurs without mutation or selection, is complete within 7–15 cell divisions and appears to stem from altered rates of synthesis of at least three kinds of antigen molecule. During the process of modulation, antigens not detectable by agglutination in any of the three equilibrium modes (X, I and C) may appear transiently at the surface.Mutants may or may not modulate. Modulatable mutants may be distinguishable from the wild type in only one mode. Almost all convalescent antibodies are directed against X mode, but C-mode antibodies have been found in several adults with persistent cough and infection.I wish particularly to thank Dr E. K. Andersen for her generous gifts of sera, Drs P. L. Kendrick, H. Proom, A. F. B. Standfast and A. J. H. Tomlinson for gifts of cultures and Mr M. Breach for his invaluable help in the preparation of media and sera. I am also indebted to the University of London Central Research Fund and the Governors of Westminster Hospital for grants towards the purchase of materials.

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“…Different B. pertussis strains and culture conditions reduced the expression of virulence factors, contributing to the variable efficacy of these early pertussis vaccines. The discovery of different antigenic growth phases and phase-locked mutants of B. pertussis [7] lead to more standardized growth conditions for wP vaccine production [8]. Widespread use of standardized wP vaccines, that also include diphtheria (D) and tetanus (T) toxoids, began in 1944 following the recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pertussis Toxin: A Key Component in Pertussis Vaccines?

Gregg

Merkel

2019

Toxins

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B. pertussis is a human-specific pathogen and the causative agent of whooping cough. The ongoing resurgence in pertussis incidence in high income countries is likely due to faster waning of immunity and increased asymptomatic colonization in individuals vaccinated with acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine relative whole-cell pertussis (wP)-vaccinated individuals. This has renewed interest in developing more effective vaccines and treatments and, in support of these efforts, defining pertussis vaccine correlates of protection and the role of vaccine antigens and toxins in disease. Pertussis and its toxins have been investigated by scientists for over a century, yet we still do not have a clear understanding of how pertussis toxin (PT) contributes to disease symptomology or how anti-PT immune responses confer protection. This review covers PT’s role in disease and evidence for its protective role in vaccines. Clinical data suggest that PT is a defining and essential toxin for B. pertussis pathogenesis and, when formulated into a vaccine, can prevent disease. Additional studies are required to further elucidate the role of PT in disease and vaccine-mediated protection, to inform the development of more effective treatments and vaccines.

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Some Practical Considerations in B. Pertussis Vaccine Preparation

Cited by 8 publications

References 7 publications

A Comparative Study of the Use of Varying Concentrations of Agar in the Test Medium Used to Detect Contaminants in Biologic Products

A Comparative Study of the Use of Varying Concentrations of Agar in the Test Medium Used to Detect Contaminants in Biologic Products

Antigenic modulation ofBordetella pertussis

Pertussis Toxin: A Key Component in Pertussis Vaccines?

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