“…The wave of empirical studies on the effects of objectively defined inconsistencies between status positions of individuals has now gone some twenty years and has survived various seemingly fatal attacks. The attacks have been of three types: primarily empirical (Jackson and Curtis, 1972;Kelly and Chambliss, 1966;Kenkel, 1956;Olsen and Tully, 1972;Segal et al, 1970), primarily methodological (Blalock, 1966;Hodge, 1970;Hyman, 1966;Mitchell, 1964), and primarily conceptual (Box and Ford, 1969;Doreian and Stockman, 1969;Hartman, 1974;Knoke, 1972;Meyer and Hammond, 1971). Empirical attacks have focused upon the failure of research to find evidence of hypothesized effects of objective inconsistencies.…”