Some relationships between age, immune responsiveness and resistance to parasites in ruminants

Colditz, Ian G.; Watson, D. J.; Gray, G. D.; Eady, Sandra

doi:10.1016/s0020-7519(96)80058-0

Cited by 97 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…This seasonal relationship between FEC and rainfall is similar to findings in captive wild gazelle (Gazella cuvieri) in a semiarid region of Spain (Ortiz et al, 2006), wild bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) in Uganda (Apio et al, 2006) and other ungulates in Namibia (Turner & Getz, 2010). There would also be a higher number of parasitically naïve young impala that would shed more worm eggs (Colditz et al, 1996) and the subsequent drop in FEC would be attributed to increased immunity, 'selfcure' in these naïve impala. The increased ultraviolet radiation due to longer daytime hours during the hot dry months could also limit the development of the extra-host stages, as has been shown by van Dijk et al (2009) material into the environment due to arrested larval development and reduced fecundity of worms (Turner & Getz, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

A seasonal survey of gastrointestinal parasites in captive wild impala antelope on a game facility south of Lusaka, Zambia

Nalubamba

Mudenda²,

Malamo

2011

J. Helminthol.

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Faecal samples (n = 1947) from captive wild impala (Aepyceros melampus melampus) were examined over a period of 14 months to determine quantitative seasonal helminth egg excretion patterns and qualitative protozoan oocyst excretion patterns. Geometric mean monthly faecal egg counts (FECs) ranged from 20 to 575 and coprocultures revealed three parasite genera, namely Trichostrongylus, Haemonchus and Strongyloides. Larvae of the Trichostrongylus spp. were most predominant from faecal cultures. No trematode eggs or lungworms were detected and eggs of the cestode Monezia were only seen in two samples during the entire study period. The nematode FECs showed a marked seasonal variation, being higher during the rainy season, moderate during the cool dry season and low during the hot dry season. The rainy season had significantly higher FECs than the dry season (P < 0.01). The percentage of helminth-egg positive faecal samples ranged from 90.6 to 100% in the rainy season and 72.4 to 85.6% in the dry season. Overall mean FECs in unpelleted faeces were significantly higher than in pelleted faeces (P < 0.01). However, the FECs were not significantly different among seasons in unpelleted faeces (P>0.05), but were significantly higher in pelleted faeces in the rainy season than the dry season (P < 0.05). Pellet size had a significant effect on FEC, with smaller pellets having higher FEC (P < 0.05). Strongyloides eggs and coccidia oocysts were only seen during the rainy season. This represents the first documentation of seasonal parasitic infestation in captive wild antelopes in Zambia. Treatment and control strategies for helminths in these captive wild impala are also suggested based on the findings from this study.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

A seasonal survey of gastrointestinal parasites in captive wild impala antelope on a game facility south of Lusaka, Zambia

Nalubamba

Mudenda²,

Malamo

2011

J. Helminthol.

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“…Age-wise analysis revealed higher infection in young sheep (74.2%) followed by lamb (69.2%) and adult (62.2%) ( Table 2) However, lower occurrence in adults might be due to acquired immunity of adults to GI helminths making them less susceptible. This hypothesis has been commissioned experimentally by some other researchers (Rajapakse et al, 1994;Colditz et al, 1996;Knox, 2000). On the contrary, several researchers have exhibited increased helminthiasis in young age also (Starke et al, 1983;Roberts et al, 1996).…”

Section: Age Related Prevalence Of Helminths Of Sheep At Sherpurmentioning

confidence: 96%

Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths of sheep in Sherpur, Bangladesh

et al. 2017

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Objective: Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic infection is a prime cause of failures in sheep production. This study was conducted to ascertain the prevalence of gastrointestinal (GIT) helminths of sheep in Sherpur district, Bangladesh. Besides, prevalence of helminthiasis in sheep also assessed considering age, sex, nutritional condition and rearing system. Materials and methods: In total, 106 rectal fecal samples of sheep were randomly collected and were examined for the presence of ova by using direct smear and Stoll's ova counting techniques during July to October, 2016. Eggs were identified on the basis of its size, morphology and other landmark features. Results: Out of 106 samples, 67.9% (n=72/106) revealed the presence of ova of different helminths. The prevalence of helminth infection was associated with Fasciola gigantica (11.3%; n=12/106), Paramphistomes (13.2%; n=14/106), Schistosoma indicum (3.8%; n=4/106), Moniezia sp. (3.8%; n=4/106), Strongyle-type (24.5%; n=26/106), hook worm (6.6%; n=7/106), Strongyloides sp. (12.3%; n=13/106) and Trichuris sp. (1.9%; n=2/106). Egg count per gram (EPG) was calculated which was ranged between 100 and 600. Parasitic counts in lambs, young and adult showed no significant variations (P=0.511) from one other. Infection was significantly (P=0.04) higher in poor body conditioned sheep (76.3 %) as contrasted to normal body conditioned sheep (57.4%). No significant variation (P=0.601) was noticed in infection rates between sexes. Females displayed a higher infection (70.0%) as compared to males (65.2%). In rearing system, the result was found statistically insignificant (P=0.247). Conclusion: Utterly, GI helminths are endemic at great levels among sheep in the study area. Also, their infestation differs within various age groups, sexes, nutritional condition and rearing system of sheep.

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“… and H. contortus . This inability to develop immunity to GIN in young lambs has been attributed to immunological hyporesponsiveness following observations of lower proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in younger animals compared with adult ewes . Less robust IgA‐mediated responses following challenge have been reported in 4‐month‐old lambs compared with their 10‐month‐old counterparts while peripheral eosinophilia has been reported to increase from birth up to 5 months of age in association with a subsequent ability to reduce parasite fecundity .…”

Section: Factors Influencing the Development Of Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative maturity and the development of immunity to gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep: an overlooked paradigm?

Greer

Hamie

2016

Parasite Immunology

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Sheep display considerable variation in both the timing and magnitude of development of immunity to gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN). Onset of immunity is dependent on a number of factors, including antigenic stimulus, nutrition supply, age and size of the animals, the latter of which are confounded. Here, we review the factors associated with the development of immunity to GIN in sheep, particularly in the context of the role that relative maturity may have through applying the rules of genetic size scaling based on examples from published literature. Comparing animals based on their metabolic age, rather than chronological age, may provide an explanation for the timing of immune development and may reduce the variation in immune development that frequently is observed both between and within breeds. Further, this approach may help explain the phenotypic differences in animal performance between animals of varying immunological capacity to GIN through influences on mature body weight. As such, when considering factors influencing immune development to GIN, physiological age or relative maturity may be considered an overlooked paradigm. We propose it may be worthwhile to consider metabolic age when comparing the immune competence of animals to ensure the subjects are at an analogous stage of physiological development.

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Some relationships between age, immune responsiveness and resistance to parasites in ruminants

Cited by 97 publications

References 16 publications

A seasonal survey of gastrointestinal parasites in captive wild impala antelope on a game facility south of Lusaka, Zambia

A seasonal survey of gastrointestinal parasites in captive wild impala antelope on a game facility south of Lusaka, Zambia

Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths of sheep in Sherpur, Bangladesh

Relative maturity and the development of immunity to gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep: an overlooked paradigm?

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