Some toxicological health hazards associated with subchronic dermal exposure to paraphenylene-diamine (PPD): An experimental study

Abd-ElZaher, Manal; Fawzy, Irene Atef; Ahmed, Hala Mohamed; Abdallah, Ahlam M.; Gayyed, Mariana Fathy

doi:10.1016/j.ejfs.2012.06.003

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…After cessation of the hair dye use, abnormal liver function tests and that were improved within the normal ranges (Tokumoto et al, 2004). Although, hair dyes contain various hepatotoxic compounds, hair dye is not known to cause drug-induced hepatitis; Abd-ElZaher et al (2012) reported that, PPD induced significant elevation of liver enzymes with chronic inflammation of the liver in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, Prabhakar, and Amalakar (2012) reported some cases of acute hair dye intoxications developed hepatic dysfunction and this was evident by elevated ALT and AST serum levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated Dermal Paraphenylenediamine Exposure Induces Systemic Biochemical and Histological Changes in Adult male Albino Rats

Elhelaly

Shaker

2014

Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology

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Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) is a synthetic compound that is widely used as a hair dye. This study investigated biochemical and histological effects after repeated PPD dermal application. 30 adult male albino rats (200± 20gms) were classified into two groups; group I, (control group) included negative and positive control subgroups, each consisted of 10 rats and group II (tested group). Tested group was subjected to repeated topical PPD application in a dose of 10mg/kg for 90 days. All groups were investigated for these laboratory biochemical parameters: Serum creatine phosphokinase CPK-MB, aspartate (AST) and alanine transferases (ALT), serum creatinine (S. Creat.), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) as well as serum potassium. All the mentioned parameters showed significant increase when compared to control group. ECG was done and revealed significant decrease of pulse rate and significant prolongation of PR, QRS and QT intervals in tested group. In-addition, to biochemical and ECG investigations; histological examination was done for; cardiac, hepatic, renal and testicular tissues. Cardiac, hepatic, renal, and testicular tissues of tested group showed evident changes. These changes were more obvious in Cardiac, renal, and testicular tissues when compared to control. Aim of the work This study aimed to investigate systemic toxicities of PPD especially after repeated dermal exposure. Materials and methods Material The tested chemical paraphenylenediamine (PPD), CAS No (106-50-3) was purchased from Sigma Chemical Company in the form of white powder then dissolved in distilled water. Animals Thirty adult male albino rats were conducting in this study and classified into two groups: I-Control group (group I) This group was sub-classified into two subgroups each consisted of 10 rats, as follows: P

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated Dermal Paraphenylenediamine Exposure Induces Systemic Biochemical and Histological Changes in Adult male Albino Rats

Elhelaly

Shaker

2014

Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology

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“…In a study which analyzed 25 hair dye poisoning deaths, the histological examination of liver cross section showed focal areas of fatty change and central vein dilatation in 48% of the cases due to systemic toxicity (Alugonda, Maddileti, Naga Lingam, & Rangaiah, 2013). One study reported that sections of treated liver showed mild chronic inflammations with one necroinflammatory focus, which with increasing the dose become multiple foci (Abd-ElZaher, Fawzy, Ahmed, Abd-Allah, & Gayyed, 2012). Another study reported that the histopathological findings include centrilobular coagulative necrosis, periportal inflammation, fibrinous deposition, hemorrhages, and increased accumulation of neutrophils within hepatic parenchyma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological studies on commercial hair dye brand commonly used in Saudi Arabia: histological study of the liver, kidney, heart, and testis

Al-Shaikh¹,

Alkaseb²,

Mudawi³

et al. 2018

JoBAZ

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Background: Hair dye is commonly used in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Poisoning occurs when someone swallows dye or tint used to color hair and is considered one of the most significant causes of intentional self-harm. Commercial hair dye may contain varying amounts of paraphenylenediamine and even undeclared chemical ingredients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the organ toxicity of commercial hair dye in rats. Acute toxicity study: The commercial hair dye X was orally administered to the rats at a dose of 50 mg/kg and was observed for 24 h for mortality or behavioral changes. Sub-chronic toxicity: The commercial hair dye X was administered to rats orally for 8 days in doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg, then the heart, liver, kidney, and testis were dissected out of the animals and kept in formalin for histopathological examinations using H-E stain. Results: In this study, the commercial hair dye X at the dose of 50 mg/kg single dose has not shown any mortality in rats. On the other hand, the commercial hair dye X administered to rats orally for 8 days at doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg caused toxicological effects manifested by some histopathological changes in the heart, liver, kidney, and testis in rats compared to the control group. Conclusion: The current study showed that the commercial hair dye X at doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg produced toxic effects on the heart, liver, kidney, and testis in rats. Therefore, it is important to raise the public awareness about the potential toxicity of the hair dyes.

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“…From the studies by Mann [1], Barnes [42] and Smith [43] on the electrochemical oxidation of primary amines and from previous studies we made on the electrochemical oxidation of aliphatic diamines [24,25], we took the anodic oxidation of pPD the mechanism described in Figure 9. The first step is the adsorption of pPD on the surface electrode.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical and Biological Analyses of the Role of the Poly- Para- Phenylenediamine in the Erythrocytes Resistance in Hypotonic Environment

Srhayri¹,

Naimi²,

Takky³

et al. 2016

J Membra Sci Technol

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potential scan rate of 200 mVs-1, two voltametric waves on the platen; which corresponds to two successive and reversible processes to a single electron, leading to the formation of a diamine [24].Moreover, the genotoxicity studies in vitro have shown that pPD, like several other aromatic amines which belong to the aniline family can react with DNA and cause breaks . Picardo et al. have shown that pPD at high concentrations and for long exposure time induced cell cycle block and toxicity, but at low concentrations (10 µg/mL)and for shorter periods exposure (30 min) increased keratinocyte proliferation [39]. Habti et al. [6] have shown that pPD at low concentrations (5µg/mL) and for 2h exposure time gives RBC temporary resistance to hemolysis in hypotonic blend, the mechanism remains unexplained till now [6]. The aim of our study is to contribute to elucidate the molecular mechanism responsible for this temporary resistance. Material and Methods Collection of human blood sampleBlood samples from volunteer donors, and healthy aged 25-35 years were collected in tubes of 7 mL containing EDTA. Blood donors were nonsmokers and had no history of allergic reaction to pPD or AbstractThe high chemical and biological reactivity of para-phenylenediamine (pPD) has been illustrated in several studies, including polymerization genotoxicity and oxidative stress at the level of the plasma membrane cells. However, its reactivity with red blood cells (RBC) was rarely explored.The aim of this study is to help expound the molecular actions of para-phenylenediamine in hypotonic environment of human red blood cells by conducting biological tests for the globular resistance and physicochemical cyclic voltammetry and UV-visible spectroscopy.Our results show that the para-phenylenediamine at low concentration gives red blood cells temporary resistance (30 min) against hemolysis in hypotonic environment with 4.5 g/L NaCl. Spectrometry results for UVvisible and cyclic voltammetry suggest that membrane stability is due to the presence of the polymer poly-paraphenylenediamine (poly-pPD).

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Some toxicological health hazards associated with subchronic dermal exposure to paraphenylene-diamine (PPD): An experimental study

Cited by 7 publications

References 16 publications

Repeated Dermal Paraphenylenediamine Exposure Induces Systemic Biochemical and Histological Changes in Adult male Albino Rats

Repeated Dermal Paraphenylenediamine Exposure Induces Systemic Biochemical and Histological Changes in Adult male Albino Rats

Toxicological studies on commercial hair dye brand commonly used in Saudi Arabia: histological study of the liver, kidney, heart, and testis

Chemical and Biological Analyses of the Role of the Poly- Para- Phenylenediamine in the Erythrocytes Resistance in Hypotonic Environment

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