Something old, something new: Conserved enzymes and the evolution of novelty in plant specialized metabolism

Moghe, Gaurav D.

doi:10.1104/pp.15.00994

Cited by 135 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 104 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

158

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Interestingly, some specialized metabolic genes likely arose from neofunctionalized duplicates of primary metabolism genes (Qi et al, 2006), and further duplications of specialized metabolic genes have likely contributed to additional novel biochemical activities (Field and Osbourn, 2008;Takos et al, 2011). In some cases, these duplicates are implicated in defense against herbivores and microbes as well as in attracting pollinators (Mizutani and Ohta, 2010;Moghe and Last, 2015). However, the adaptive significance of most novel biochemical activities has yet to be demonstrated.…”

Section: Contribution Of Duplicate Genes To Evolutionary Noveltymentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Gene Duplication in Plants

2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ancient duplication events and a high rate of retention of extant pairs of duplicate genes have contributed to an abundance of duplicate genes in plant genomes. These duplicates have contributed to the evolution of novel functions, such as the production of floral structures, induction of disease resistance, and adaptation to stress. Additionally, recent whole-genome duplications that have occurred in the lineages of several domesticated crop species, including wheat (Triticum aestivum), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), and soybean (Glycine max), have contributed to important agronomic traits, such as grain quality, fruit shape, and flowering time. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms and impacts of gene duplication will be important to future studies of plants in general and of agronomically important crops in particular. In this review, we survey the current knowledge about gene duplication, including gene duplication mechanisms, the potential fates of duplicate genes, models explaining duplicate gene retention, the properties that distinguish duplicate from singleton genes, and the evolutionary impact of gene duplication.

show abstract

Section: Contribution Of Duplicate Genes To Evolutionary Noveltymentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Gene Duplication in Plants

2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Second, these enzymes lack the C-terminal protein domain that is responsible for Leu end product inhibition in IPMS enzymes. These three examples illustrate how gene duplication and neofunctionalization can lead to the conversion of amino acid biosynthetic activities to specialized metabolic enzymes by changing genetic and biochemical regulation as well as substrate preference (Milo and Last, 2012;Moghe and Last, 2015).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A feedback insensitive isopropylmalate synthase affects acylsugar composition in cultivated and wild tomato

Ning

Moghe²,

Leong³

et al. 2015

Plant Physiol.

Self Cite

177

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Acylsugars are insecticidal specialized metabolites produced in the glandular trichomes of plants in the Solanaceae family. In the tomato clade of the Solanum genus, acylsugars consist of aliphatic acids of different chain lengths esterified to sucrose, or less frequently to glucose. Through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry screening of introgression lines, we previously identified a region of chromosome 8 in the Solanum pennellii LA0716 genome (IL8-1/8-1-1) that causes the cultivated tomato Solanum lycopersicum to shift from producing acylsucroses with abundant 3-methylbutanoic acid acyl chains derived from leucine metabolism to 2-methylpropanoic acid acyl chains derived from valine metabolism. We describe multiple lines of evidence implicating a trichome-expressed gene from this region as playing a role in this shift. S. lycopersicum M82 SlIPMS3 (Solyc08g014230) encodes a functional end product inhibition-insensitive version of the committing enzyme of leucine biosynthesis, isopropylmalate synthase, missing the carboxyl-terminal 160 amino acids. In contrast, the S. pennellii LA0716 IPMS3 allele found in IL8-1/8-1-1 encodes a nonfunctional truncated IPMS protein. M82 transformed with an SlIPMS3 RNA interference construct exhibited an acylsugar profile similar to that of IL8-1-1, whereas the expression of SlIPMS3 in IL8-1-1 partially restored the M82 acylsugar phenotype. These IPMS3 alleles are polymorphic in 14 S. pennellii accessions spread throughout the geographical range of occurrence for this species and are associated with acylsugars containing varying amounts of 2-methylpropanoic acid and 3-methylbutanoic acid acyl chains.

show abstract

“…Enzymes involved in specialized metabolism have a higher rate of gene retention after tandem duplication, compared to whole-genome duplication, and lower substrate specificity than primary metabolic enzymes (Fig. 1B) (reviewed by Moghe and Last, 2015). The novel genetic material retained after duplication can sub/ neofunctionalize and produce new enzymatic activities in the cellular environment.…”

Section: Characterizing Plant Metabolic Pathways and Their Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The study of plant specialized metabolism: Challenges and prospects in the genomics era

Moghe

Kruse

2018

American J of Botany

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Plants produce a diverse array of compounds through an extensive, evolutionarily malleable network of metabolic pathways. These metabolites are typically classified into two types-primary and specialized-with most of the diversity occurring among specialized metabolites (Fig. 1A). Metabolite presence-absence and types vary dynamically in an individual plant (within/between tissues/organs, developmental stages, across the circadian cycle), between populations, and also between species. Conservatively, it was estimated that each species harbors ~4.7 unique metabolites, and over a million metabolites were predicted to exist across the plant kingdom (Afendi et al., 2012).The scale of metabolite diversity raises multiple challenges for the study of plant specialized metabolism. First, it creates the challenge of identifying these compounds. While genomic and transcriptomic technologies have advanced significantly in the last decade, the complexity of metabolite structures and their chemical properties hinders adoption of standardized protocols for their detection. Second, the lineage-specific nature of specialized metabolism (Fig. 1A) creates the challenge of identifying biosynthetic enzymes and studying their evolution in non-reference species. Finally, there is still much to be understood about the ecological importance of chemical structural diversity in a single plant and across populations. In this article, we discuss these challenges and potential opportunities in more detail. CHARACTERIZING THE VAST DIVERSITY OF PLANT METABOLITESPlant metabolites are typically detected using gas or liquid chromatography, coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS or LC-MS). GC-MS is appropriate for compounds that can be readily converted to gas phase, such as some terpenoids, sterols, fatty acids, and aromatic volatiles. It is typically used for low molecular weight compounds that are stable at high temperatures, either in their native form or after some chemical derivatization. LC-MS, on the other hand, is applicable for a much broader array of compounds and generally does not require any derivatization.Despite significant advances in MS technologies, several challenges remain for characterizing plant metabolite diversity. First, because of the large diversity of chemical structures, a variety of different protocols must be used to characterize the true "metabolome", i.e., the entire metabolite repertoire, of a plant, unlike the relative uniformity of experimental designs in transcriptomics or genomics. Various factors at the sample preparation, liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry (MS), and data analysis steps can influence which and how well metabolite peaks are detected. The second challenge involves identifying the thousands of metabolites observed in MS data from highly sensitive MS instruments. A recent study found evidence for >300 compounds of a single metabolite class (acylsugars) in a single leaf surface extract (Moghe et al., 2017).

show abstract

Something old, something new: Conserved enzymes and the evolution of novelty in plant specialized metabolism

Cited by 135 publications

References 104 publications

Evolution of Gene Duplication in Plants

Evolution of Gene Duplication in Plants

A feedback insensitive isopropylmalate synthase affects acylsugar composition in cultivated and wild tomato

The study of plant specialized metabolism: Challenges and prospects in the genomics era

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About