“…These new dates are older than some of the existing Protoaurignacian dates and contemporaneous with the rest (overlap at one standard deviation) (Arrizabalaga et al, 2009;Bazile, 1976Bazile, , 1984Bischoff et al, 1989;Cremaschi et al, 2005;Delibrias and Evin, 1980;Delibrias and Fontugne, 1990;Delibrias et al, 1987;Hedges et al, 1994;Jö ris and Street, 2008;Kuhn and Bietti, 2000;Kuhn and Stiner, 1998;Maíllo Ferná ndez et al, 2001;Tavoso, 1987). Even if further analyses eventually align the industry from layer C 4c4 more closely with the Early Aurignacian than with the Protoaurignacian, the new dates still imply that the Protoaurignacian of Isturitz, represented in the underlying layer C 4d1, is at least as old as 37,180 AE 420 14 C BP.…”