“…Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have been used extensively to study the neural mechanisms underlying the RHI. Applying a single TMS pulse to primary motor cortex (M1), the resulting motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) recorded from a target muscle can be used as a readout of corticospinal excitability at rest ( Bestmann et al, 2015 , Rossini, 2015 ), during perceptual ( Castro et al, 2021 , Pellegrino et al, 2022 ) and motor tasks ( Castro et al, 2021 , Pascual-Leone et al, 1995 ). The involvement of corticospinal neurons is thought to be mostly indirect, via intracortical and cortico-cortical connections, depending on the coil orientation and stimulation intensity ( Di Lazzaro et al, 2012 ).…”