Sonochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Removal of Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater Effluents

Assessment of Different Advanced Technologies for Pharma Wastewater Treatment: A Review

“…The transducer with a specified resonance frequency that can range from 20 kHz to 10 MHz and is powered by an amplifier often produces ultrasound. Due to this maximum formation of radical species take place, which favors the degradation of medicines, the highest degradations are seen between 200 and 400 kHz [26]. In Researched, hybrid treatment technique that is combination of Cavitation and Advanced Oxidation Processes were used for treatment of wastewater containing pharmaceutical compounds.…”

The Evolution of Sonochemistry: From the Beginnings to Novel Applications

“…These radicals recombine and give rise to H 2 O 2 and HO 2 * . [42] In sonochemistry, the degradation of organic compounds occurs through direct pyrolysis reactions inside cavities and via the action of * OH radicals in the interfacial region of cavities. Particularly, organic compounds with high hydrophobicity and high volatility undergo rapid decomposition under these conditions.…”

“…[179,180] The sonochemical degradation of organic compounds could be observed in three specific regions: (i) interior of the cavitation bubble, where volatile compounds are pyrolyzed; (ii) interface bubble-liquid, where thermal and/or radical pathways destroy the hydrophobic non-volatile compounds; and (iii) bulk liquid, where the hydrophilic substances are destroyed in the solution bulk by radicals action. [42] Hydrophobic compounds close to the bubble boundary exhibit lower inhibition but a high interaction with * OH, making them more susceptible to faster degradation. [181] During pyrolysis inside the bubble, contaminants have a vapor pressure similar to the water vapor pressure, enabling them to penetrate the bubble and undergo a one-step conversion to a less toxic form.…”

“…These include not requiring additional reagents or catalysts to generate radicals, the ability to selectively degrade specific organic contaminants in aqueous media, and the minimal formation of organochlorinated by-products. [42,182] Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been studied and evaluated for the degradation of organic pollutants in aqua media as complementary treatments for water. [183] These processes involve numerous radical reactions, many needing chemical reagents (O 3 , H 2 O 2 ) and a source of ultraviolet (UV) radiation.…”