Sonographic assessment of renal length in apparently healthy students of college of health sciences, Bayero University, Kano

Abstract

In persons with normal renal function, renal length has been found to be the most important marker for assessing renal function. Ultrasound is readily available, non invasive and provides a direct and easy method of determining renal length. The aim of this study is to determine the range of normal renal measurements among the students of College of Health Sciences, BUK. Renal lengths of apparently healthy volunteered students were measured using Mindray DP 3.5MHz curvilinear transducer. Maximum bipolar length for each kidney was measured with participants in supine position. Differences between renal length with age and gender was assessed while its relationship with BMI were assessed statistically for right and left kidneys. A total of 201 consenting participants were recruited into the study. Average mean bipolar length among the student's was established to be 9.28±0.94cm and 9.42±1.02cm for the right and left kidneys respectively. Mean renal length in males was found to be 9.51 ± 1.11cm for the left and 9.47 ± 0.93cm for the right which are slightly higher than those of the females 9.29 ± 0.87cm for the left and 9.07 ± 0.91cm for the right. The left kidneys were longer than the right kidneys. The mean renal length di not correlate with age and BMI. Nomogram of renal dimension among students of BUK were established. This will form basis for renal diagnosis especially for health Institutions like the BUK health services.

Demineralization and Characterization of Coal Deposit Found in Maiganga, Akko Local Government, Gombe State, Nigeria

“…The proximate analysis revealed that eliminating mineral matter from coal demineralization has a high potential as indicated by other studies (Manoj and Elcey, 2010;Manoj et al, 2009;Okoro, Asadu, and Maxwell, 2018;Usman et al, 2019) and is appropriate coal for solid fuel combustion. The proximate and ultimate analyses of the undemineralization and demineralization coal samples are presented in Table 1.…”

“…Low sulphur content as depict by the demineralize coal signifies that the solid fuel can be used to generate power with reduced emissions to the environment (Behera et al, 2017). Calorific value required for generating electricity falls within the range 2700 -9500 Kcal/Kg (Usman et al, 2019). The Maiganga undemineralize coal has the calorific value of 5179.80 kcal/kg while demineralized coal calorific value is higher 5210.38 kcal/kg, this result depict that the demineralization of the coal is beneficial since the higher is the calorific value signifies the better the quality of the coal (Behera et al, 2017) and a major term for heat generation capacity (Usman and Maitera, 2015).…”

“…It is a fossil fuel that is used in electricity generation, firing kiln for cement production, iron and steel production, raw material for numerous applications (Ryemshak and Jauro, 2013;Nyakuma et al, 2021) and many other applications, however, there are high levels of ash and sulfur in raw coal (Meshram et al, 2015). But low ash content is needed to increase handling and burning capacity, decrease handling costs, and improves combustion and boiler efficiency while low sulfur is required since high sulfur content is associated with acid mine drainage, chimney corrosion and other equipment such as air heaters (Usman et al, 2019). The effect of coal combustion on the environment includes smog, the greenhouse effect, and acid rain (Lu et al, 2017;Silas et al, 2018), the release of unfriendly trace elements into the environment (Okoro, Asadu, and Onoh, 2018) and other deleterious effects (Mukherjee and Borthakur, 2003).…”