Sonographic biometrical range of external genitalia differentiation in the first trimester of pregnancy: analysis of 2593 cases

Mazza, Vincenzo; Monte, Ilaria Di; Pati, M.; Contu, Giannina; Ottolenghi, Chris; Forabosco, Antonino; Volpe, Annibale

doi:10.1002/pd.945

Cited by 37 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…With a cut-off of 4.8 mm a sample of 300 women (mean gestational age 12 WG + 3 days), the sex was correctly determined by ultrasound in 87 % of the males and 89 % of the females. [14,3,5,[15][16][17][18][19]8,20,7,6,21] They found that ultrasound fetal sex determination gave a sensitivity and specificity of 100% from 13 WG but that sex determination was difficult between 11 and 12 WG. However, in this review sex was not evaluable in 7.5 to 40.6 % of cases depending on the series.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First-trimester determination of fetal gender by ultrasound: measurement of the ano-genital distance

Arfi

Cohen

Canlorbe

et al. 2016

European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductiv

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This involved measuring the angle of the genital tubercle to a horizontal line through the lumbosacral skin surface in a mid-sagittal plane with the fetus in a natural position [3,4]. This method gave a 100% sensitivity in fetal sex determination after 13 WG but a lower sensitivity between 11 and 12 WG [3,[5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First-trimester determination of fetal gender by ultrasound: measurement of the ano-genital distance

Arfi

Cohen

Canlorbe

et al. 2016

European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductiv

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“…Hasta la fecha existen escasos trabajos publicados que valoren la precisión de la determinación ecográfica del sexo fetal durante el primer trimestre (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). El propósito de este trabajo es valorar la precisión de la determinación ecográfica del sexo fetal entre las 11-13+6 semanas de gestación en una serie prospectiva y grande de pacientes, así como determinar las variables ecográficas relacionadas con esta precisión.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Determinación Del Sexo Fetal en El Primer Trimestre De La Gestación: Estudio Prospectivo

Burgos

Ten

Pedregosa

et al. 2010

Rev. chil. obstet. ginecol.

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RESUMENObjetivos: Valorar la precisión de la determinación ecográfíca del sexo fetal entre las 11 y las 14 semanas en una cohorte no seleccionada de gestantes. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo transversal en una serie consecutiva de 636 gestaciones entre las 11 y 14 semanas, en gestantes que acudieron para el estudio ecográfico rutinario de primer trimestre. Se examinó la región genital del feto en un plano mediosagital, visualizando el "signo sagital" y la dirección en la que apunta el tubérculo genital (craneal en los varones, caudal en las mujeres) ambos indicadores del sexo fetal. La confirmación clínica del sexo fetal se obtuvo después del parto por confirmación telefónica, o por el cariotipo en casos con amniocentesis por indicaciones convencionales. Resultados: Se consiguió asignar el sexo fetal correctamente en el 86,3% de los fetos. La precisión de la asignación ecográfica del sexo fetal fue mayor en varones que en mujeres (el 90,6% de los varones fueron asignados correctamente vs el 83,1% de las mujeres, p<0,05), y se incrementó con la edad gestacional desde un 72% entre las 11 y 11+6 semanas, un 92% entre las 12 y las 12+6 semanas, hasta un 95% entre las 13 y las 13+6 semanas. Conclusión: La determinación ecográfíca del sexo fetal tiene una elevada tasa de precisión a partir de las 13 semanas, lo que sugiere que las pruebas invasivas para la exclusión de enfermedades ligadas al X podrían obviarse cuando se identifica un feto varón a esta edad gestacional. Sin embargo, en fetos identificados como mujeres esta decisión deberá posponerse hasta una edad gestacional más avanzada.PALABRAS CLAVE: Sexo fetal, ultrasonido, diagnóstico prenatal, ecografía del primer trimestre SUMMARYObjective: To assess the accuracy of fetal gender determination by ultrasound at 11-14 weeks of gestation in a large cohort of unselected population. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was performed in 636 consecutive pregnancies at 11-14 weeks of gestation, attending for first trimester ultrasound screening. The genital region was examined in the mid-sagittal plane to detect the sagittal sign and the direction in which the genital tubercle pointed (cranial for males, caudal for females) both as markers of fetal gender. The clinical confirmation of fetal gender was obtained from telephonic interviews after delivery or from karyotype in cases scheduled to amniocentesis for conventional indications. Results: Fetal gender was correctly determined by ultrasound in 86.3% of the fetuses. The accuracy of sex assignment was higher in male fetuses than in female fetuses (90.6% of the males fetuses vs 83.1% of the females were correctly assigned, p<0.05) and increased with gestational age from 72% at 11-11+6 week's to 92% at 12-12+6 week's, and 95% at 13-13+6 week's gestation (p<0.01). Conclusion: Prenatal gender assignment by ultrasound has a high accuracy rate at 13 to 13+6 weeks. These results suggest that invasive testing can probably be performed in fetuses identified as males at this gestational age. However in fetus...

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“…É consenso que a ultra-sonografia tem acurácia muito baixa (cerca de 60%) no diagnóstico do sexo fetal antes da 12 a semana de gestação [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] . Entre a 12ª e a 13ª semana, a literatura apresenta resultados variados (75 a 99%), com boa acurácia (cerca de 100%) apenas a partir da 14 a semana de gestação [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] . Sob a ótica da embriologia, esse período pode ser considerado tardio, já que a diferenciação da genitália fetal se inicia pelo menos duas semanas antes 9 .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Determinação ultra-sonográfica do sexo fetal pela medida dos ângulos do apêndice genital

Bunduki¹,

Brizot²,

Miguelez³

et al. 2005

Rev. Bras. Ginecol. Obstet.

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Determinação ultra-sonográfica do sexo fetal pela medida dos ângulos do apêndice genital a semana e 6 dias. As taxas de predição obtidas com o ângulo posterior (ponto de corte de 24 graus) foram, respectivamente: 70, 87 e 87%. A avaliação da variação interobservador revelou diferença média entre medidas pareadas de 15,7 e 9 graus para as medidas dos ângulos posterior e anterior, respectivamente. Conclusão: a acurácia da medida dos ângulos do apêndice genital na predição do sexo fetal foi elevada a partir da 12ª semana de gestação mas ainda insuficiente para sua aplicação em gestações com risco de doenças graves ligadas ao cromossomo X. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Determinação do sexo (análise); Primeiro trimestre da gravidez; Gravidez normal; Diagnóstico pré-natal; Ultrasonografia pré-natal ABSTRACT Purpose: to evaluate the accuracy of fetal gender prediction at 11 to 13 weeks and 6 days by measuring the anterior and posterior genital tubercle angles. Methods: the anterior and posterior genital tubercle angles were measured in a midsagittal plane in 455 fetuses from 11 to 13 weeks and 6 days. The probability of a correct fetal sex prediction (confirmed after birth) was categorized in accordance with the angle measurements, gestational age and crump-rump length. The optimal accuracy cutoffs were derived from a ROC-plot. The interobserver variability was evaluated by a Bland-Altman plot. Results: the correct fetal sex prediction rate increased with gestational age and crump-rump length. Using a 42-degree anterior angle as a cutoff, a correct fetal sex prediction occurred in 72% of the fetuses from 11 to 11 weeks and 6 days, 86% from 12 to 12 weeks and 6 days and 88% from 13 to 13 weeks and 6 days. Using a 24-degree posterior angle as a cutoff, a correct fetal gender prediction occurred in 70, 87 and 87%, respectively. The interobserver variability evaluation revealed a mean difference between paired measurements of 15.7 and 9 degrees for the posterior and anterior angles, respectively. Conclusion: the measurement of the genital tubercle angles showed a high accuracy in correctly predicting the fetal sex from the 12th week of gestation on. However, accuracy was still not high enough for clinical use in pregnancies at risk of serious X-linked diseases.

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Sonographic biometrical range of external genitalia differentiation in the first trimester of pregnancy: analysis of 2593 cases

Cited by 37 publications

References 24 publications

First-trimester determination of fetal gender by ultrasound: measurement of the ano-genital distance

First-trimester determination of fetal gender by ultrasound: measurement of the ano-genital distance

Determinación Del Sexo Fetal en El Primer Trimestre De La Gestación: Estudio Prospectivo

Determinação ultra-sonográfica do sexo fetal pela medida dos ângulos do apêndice genital

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