Sonographic evaluation of kidney echogenicity and morphology among HIV sero-positive adults at Lagos University Teaching Hospital

Eze, CU; Adeyomoye, Adekunle

doi:10.1007/s40477-017-0279-9

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Renal ultrasound examination of 30 subjects with MA in the index study revealed normal renal length and echogenicity in all (100%) of them. Ultrasound findings of HIV related kidney disease include normal or enlarged kidneys with increased echogenicity [22]. The findings of normal renal length and echogenicity in this study buttresses the fact that MA is an early manifestation of HIV related kidney disease.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…A longitudinal scan of each kidney was done with the patient in prone position and the superior and inferior poles clearly identified and marked. The renal length in centimetres was taken as the longest distance between the poles (bipolar length) and this was compared with the normal renal length expected for the age as either normal, small or enlarged [22]. Renal cortical echogenicity was compared and graded with the echogenicity of the liver and renal medulla.…”

Section: Renal Ultrasound Scanmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of Microalbuminuria and Associated Risk Factors in HIV-Infected Children seen at a Tertiary Health Centre in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

Areprekumor,

Kelechi,

Peterside

2023

JAMMR

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Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection affects multiple organs, including the kidneys. One of the earliest signs of kidney disease related to HIV is the presence of proteinuria, which is preceded by microalbuminuria (MA). Detecting MA in its early stages and providing appropriate intervention can help slow down or even reverse the progression of kidney disease to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Surprisingly, routine screening for MA is not yet a standard practice in the care of HIV-infected children. Aim: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of microalbuminuria and associated factors in children with HIV attending the paediatric infectious disease clinic (PIDC) at the Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa (FMCY). Methods and Materials: This was a comparative cross-sectional study conducted over a three-month period (18th October, 2021 to 10th January, 2022), involving 150 subjects, both human immunodeficiency virus infected and uninfected at the PIDC and children outpatient clinic (CHOP) of FMCY. The study involved 150 HIV-infected and 150 uninfected subjects. Subjects with normal urine specific gravity and who tested negative for protein, leukocytes, blood, nitrites, and glucose on urinalysis had their urine assessed for the presence of microalbuminuria using the Micral Test II. Those who tested positive for microalbuminuria had their glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimated, and a renal ultrasound scan was performed. Bivariate logistic regression analyses was conducted to identify factors associated with microalbuminuria. Factors with statistical significance (P value less than .05) at the bivariate level were included in the multiple logistic regression analysis. The significance level was set at a P value less than .05. Results: The prevalence of microalbuminuria among human immunodeficiency virus infected subjects (18.7%) was significantly higher than uninfected subjects (2.7%) (P < 0.001). The prevalence of microalbuminuria was significantly higher in human immunodeficiency virus infected subjects aged 11-15 years (P = 0.018), those who had been living with human immunodeficiency virus for over 10 years (P = 0.042), those on a regimen containing tenofovir (P = 0.037), and those with poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy (P = 0.012). Other factors significantly associated with a higher prevalence of microalbuminuria included clinical stage four human immunodeficiency virus disease (P = 0.001), advanced immunosuppression (P = 0.016), and an unsuppressed viral load (P = 0.001). The use of a tenofovir based regimen and having clinical stage four disease were the only predictors of microalbuminuria following multivariate logistic regression (Adjusted OR: 7.87, 95% CI: 1.88 – 70.48, P = 0.045, and OR: 14.71, 95% CI: 1.17 – 185.69, P = 0.038). Six HIV-infected subjects with microalbuminuria had mildly decreased eGFR with mean of 77.3 ± 10.8. Renal length and echogenicity were normal for all subjects with microalbuminuria. Conclusion: Microalbuminuria was more prevalent in HIV-infected children compared to their uninfected counterparts, with clinical stage four disease being the most significant factor associated with microalbuminuria.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Renal Ultrasound Scanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Microalbuminuria and Associated Risk Factors in HIV-Infected Children seen at a Tertiary Health Centre in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

Areprekumor,

Kelechi,

Peterside

2023

JAMMR

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“…AIN is most readily diagnosed by biopsy, but ultrasound can play a role as well. HIV associated nephropathy has been studied and followed before effective treatment and was found to have increased echogenicity in the acute phase, and the amount of echogenicity and response to treatment correlated well with survival [42,43]. This has also been applied to lupus nephritis and other causes of AIN to monitor the response to treatment and predict flares.…”

Section: Intrinsic Akimentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonography in Acute Kidney Injury

Moses

Fernández

2022

pocus

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Advances in the use of ultrasonography can enhance our ability to better characterize acute kidney injury (AKI). AKI is a clinical syndrome characterized by a rapid decrease in kidney excretory function with the accumulation of products of nitrogen metabolism and other clinically unmeasured waste products, and may proceed to include clinical manifestations including decreased urine output, development of metabolic acidosis, and electrolyte abnormalities [1]. The Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria defines AKI (Table 1). Staging severity of AKI guides the physician in respect to medical management and prognosis. The overall incidence of AKI is around 20% of patients hospitalized worldwide, and around 50% in intensive care unit (ICU) patients [2, 3]. AKI has been found to have increasing morbidity and mortality, no matter the cause of admission, as well as an in-hospital mortality of close to 50% [4]. In a large study of 8 ICUs over 8 years, Kellum et al. found that AKI was associated with increasing mortality rate with worsening AKI stage. A decrease in urine output alone, without an increase in serum creatinine, was associated with decreased 1-year survival [5]. Recurrent AKI has also been associated with increased mortality, further demonstrating the importance of detecting, monitoring, and diagnosing AKI [6].

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“…This reduction has been reported not to be uniform as the renal cortex is reported to be more affected compared with the me- [12]. This further brings to light, the choice and reliability of each RUS measure in conditions with relative cortical sparring such as (diabetes, HIV associated nephropathy) or relative medulla disease (sickle cell nephropathy, obstructive uropathy and toxic nephropathies) or relative pelvicalyceal disease, for instance, hydronephrosis [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kidney Volume in Kidney Function Assessment: Determinants and Clinical Correlates in Systemic Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease in Southwestern, Nigeria

Pk¹,

Ao²,

Mu³

et al. 2020

OJNeph

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Background: The kidney volume is a very reliable ultrasound measure, reflecting contributions from all kidney parts. It could be affected by gender, body size and disease conditions. Its use in renal function assessment is based on its correlation with the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Objectives: To assess the determinants and clinical correlates of kidney volume in hypertension and in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Materials and Methods: The two-center study was carried out at the Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta (June-December 2017) and Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Ilishan-Remo (August 2019-January 2020). The kidneys of sixty participants who had hypertension without kidney disease (HWKD) and 58 with CKD were scanned from the front and back and their blood samples were taken for electrolytes and hemoglobin concentration. Result: The participants with CKD were significantly older than those with hypertension, P < 0.001. The mean kidney volume of hypertensives, 132.4 ± 18.3, was significantly higher than those with CKD, 63.7 ± 5.9, P < 0.001. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and hemoglobin concentration were significantly higher in hypertensives than in CKD, P < 0.001, P < 0.001 respectively. The systolic blood pressure (SBP), creatinine and the albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) were significantly higher in CKD than in hypertension, P < 0.001, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001 respectively. Conclusion: The mean kidney volume was higher in hypertension and in males. The GFR and hemoglobin levels were significantly How to cite this paper: Uduagbamen PK,

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Sonographic evaluation of kidney echogenicity and morphology among HIV sero-positive adults at Lagos University Teaching Hospital

Cited by 6 publications

References 33 publications

Prevalence of Microalbuminuria and Associated Risk Factors in HIV-Infected Children seen at a Tertiary Health Centre in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

Prevalence of Microalbuminuria and Associated Risk Factors in HIV-Infected Children seen at a Tertiary Health Centre in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

Ultrasonography in Acute Kidney Injury

Kidney Volume in Kidney Function Assessment: Determinants and Clinical Correlates in Systemic Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease in Southwestern, Nigeria

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