Sonography of adrenal pheochromocytomas

Ra, Bowerman; Silver, Terry M.; Jaffe, Michael H.; Stuck, K J; Dl, Hinerman

doi:10.2214/ajr.137.6.1227

Cited by 58 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Echogenicity will be variable (Conder et al 2009). On ultrasound, PHEOs have a variable appearance ranging from solid (75% in one case series) to mixed cystic and solid to cystic (Bowerman et al 1981). Gray-scale ultrasound is helpful in confi rming cystic-necrotic change within PHEOs.…”

Section: Ultrasonographymentioning

confidence: 97%

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Pheochromocytoma, diagnosis and treatment: Review of the literature

Farrugia

Martikos

Tzanetis

et al. 2017

Endocrine Regulations

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Objective. We conducted an extensive review of the literature and tried to cite the most recent recommendations concerning the pheochromocytoma (PHEO).Methods. Pub Med and Google Scholar databases were searched systematically for studies concerning pheochromocytomas (intra-adrenal paragangliomas) from 1980 until 2016. Bibliographies were searched to fi nd additional articles.Results. More than four times elevation of plasma fractionated metanephrines or elevated 24-h urinary fractionated metanephrines are keys to diagnosing pheochromocytoma. If the results are equivocal then we perform the clonidine test. If we have not done it already, we preferably do a CT scan and/or an MRI scan. Th e patient needs pre-treatment with α1-blockers at least 10-14 days before operation. Alternatives or sometimes adjuncts are Calcium Channels Blockers and/ or β-Blockers. Several familial syndromes are associated with PHEO and genetic testing should be considered.Conclusions. Th e biggest problem for pheochromocytoma is to suspect it in the fi rst place. Elevated metanephrines establish the diagnosis. With the proper preoperative preparation the risks during operation and the postoperative period are minimal. If there is a risk of the hereditable mutation, it is strongly suggested that all the patients with pheochromocytoma need clinical genetic testing.

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Section: Ultrasonographymentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Gray-scale ultrasound is helpful in confi rming cystic-necrotic change within PHEOs. Th e cystic fl uid may be anechoic or contain echogenic debris while posterior acoustic enhancement may be an accompanying feature (Bowerman et al 1981). Acute hemorrhage in a PHEO may appear echogenic (Bowerman et al 1981).…”

Section: Ultrasonographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pheochromocytoma, diagnosis and treatment: Review of the literature

Farrugia

Martikos

Tzanetis

et al. 2017

Endocrine Regulations

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“…Surgery remains the only definitive therapy for pheochromocy toma and requires the location and resection of all tumor tissue [1,3]. Preoperative loca tion of pheochromocytoma remains a chal lenge despite the introduction of CT [5] and high-resolution ultrasound [6]. Angiography [7] and venography with venous sampling of catecholamines [5,8] are invasive and may cause pheochromocytoma crisis; further more, success of such techniques is depen dent on the skill of the angiographer who do not always succeed even when experienced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<sup>131</sup>I-MIBG - A New Agent in Diagnosis and Treatment of Pheochromocytoma

Shapiro¹,

Sisson²,

Eyre³

et al. 1985

Cardiology

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The newly developed radiopharmaceutical, ¹³¹I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (¹³¹I-MIBG), has been shown to be efficacious for the location of intra- and extra-adrenal, primary pheochromocytomas and metastatic, malignant pheochromocytomas (11.4% false-negative and 1.8% false-positive in patients with proven pheochromocytomas). Preliminary experience in selected patients with malignant pheochromocytoma suggest that therapy using large doses of ^I31I-MIBG results in partial tumor regression and improvement in catecholamine hypersecretion in some cases.

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“…Echogenicity will be variable (Bowerman et al 1981). On ultrasound, pheochromocytomas have a variable appearance ranging from solid (75% in one case series) to mixed cystic and solid to cystic (Bowerman et al 1981).…”

Section: Pheochromocytomamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Th e cystic fl uid may be anechoic or contain echogenic debris while posterior acoustic enhancement may be an accompanying feature (Bowerman et al 1981). Acute hemorrhage in a pheochromocytoma may appear echogenic (Defechereux et al 2002).…”

Section: Pheochromocytomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiology of the adrenal incidentalomas. Review of the literature

Farrugia¹,

Martikos

Surgeon

et al. 2017

Endocrine Regulations

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The term “adrenal incidentaloma” is a radiological term. Adrenal incidentalomas are adrenal tumors discovered in an imaging study that has been obtained for indications exclusive to adrenal conditions (Udelsman 2001; Linos 2003; Bulow et al. 2006; Anagnostis et al. 2009). This definition excludes patients undergoing imaging testing as part of staging and work-up for cancer (Grumbach et al. 2003; Anagnostis et al. 2009). Papierska et al. (2013) have added the prerequisite that the size of a tumor must be “greater than 1cm in diameter”, in order to be called incidentaloma. Although in the most cases these masses are non-hypersecreting and benign, they still represent an important clinical concern because of the risk of malignancy or hormone hyperfunction (Barzon et al. 2003). Th e adrenal tumors belong to the commonest incidental findings having been discovered (Kanagarajah et al. 2012).

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Sonography of adrenal pheochromocytomas

Cited by 58 publications

References 19 publications

Pheochromocytoma, diagnosis and treatment: Review of the literature

Pheochromocytoma, diagnosis and treatment: Review of the literature

<sup>131</sup>I-MIBG - A New Agent in Diagnosis and Treatment of Pheochromocytoma

Radiology of the adrenal incidentalomas. Review of the literature

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