Sonography of the normal neonatal adrenal gland.

Oppenheimer, D A; Carroll, B A; Yousem, Samuel A.

doi:10.1148/radiology.146.1.6849039

Cited by 71 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…The correspondent Graphics are also indicated. Ferr6, 1981; Rosenberg, 1982 andOppenheimer, 1983) suggest that the adrenal weight increase in the fetal period is due to the development of the fetal zone of the adrenal cortex. According to those authors, the adrenal weight decrease in the post-natal period corresponds to the involution of that cortical zone.…”

Section: Results and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lindgren (1967) reported the importance of precocious diagnosis of the adrenal congenital pathologies (congenital hypoplasia) for therapeutic success. Recently (Rosenberg, 1982;Oppenheimer, 1983;and Hata 1985) the real time ultrasonography made possible, since the 22nd week post-conception, the identification and measurement of the dimensions of the adrenal gland, and also the distinction between cortical and medullar /ones. This work presents the growth of the adrenal gland, in attempt to determine the normal parameters which are necessary to the identification of morphological changes suggesting congenital pathological process.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Allometric Growth of the Adrenal Gland in Brazilian Fetuses

Henriques

Aragao

Alberto

et al. 1990

Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica

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Summary: The growth of the adrenal gland was studied in 60 brazilian fetuses (12-37 weeks post-conception). The right adrenal gland was quantitatively evaluated; its weight, length and thickness were correlated to the fetal body weight, to the Crown-Pump length and to the gestational age by the allometric method (LogY = kLogX + LogB). The width was the only linear measure with positive allometry, and was the one which presented the greatest relative growth, while the thickness had the smallest one. The adrenal weight presented positive allometry relating to the Crown-Rump length (k = 2.32) and to the gestational age (k = 2.40). The importance of these knowledges in the precocious ultrasonographic diagnosis of congenital adrenal pathologies is discussed.

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Section: Results and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Allometric Growth of the Adrenal Gland in Brazilian Fetuses

Henriques

Aragao

Alberto

et al. 1990

Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica

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“…Some authors [5,6] reported the results of investigations done to assess the utility of high-frequency real-time ultrasound to dem onstrate neonatal adrenal glands and to iden tify the sonographic appearance of the glands, as related to age. Oppenheimer et al [5] reported that ultrasound visualization of the normal neonatal adrenal gland was facil itated due to the following factors.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Adrenal Involution during Antenatal and Neonatal Periods

Hata¹,

Nagata²,

Nishigaki³

et al. 1988

Gynecol Obstet Invest

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Using real-time ultrasonography, 25 adrenal glands from prenatal to neonatal periods were prospectively examined to assess the process of shrinkage. A similar sonographic structure was seen in both prenatal and neonatal adrenal glands. The area of adrenal gland (AGA) and the rate of decrease were calculated during antenatal and early neonatal periods. The values of AGA were 350 ± 19 mm2 within a week of delivery, 304 ± 17 mm² (87 ± 2%) just after delivery, 273 ± 25 mm² (77 ± 5%) on the 1st day, 246 ± 24 mm² (70 ± 5%) on the 2nd day, 215 ± 23 mm² (61 ± 5%) on the 3rd day, 196 ± 22 mm² (56 ± 5%) on the 4th day, 173 ± 18 mm² (50 ± 4%) on the 5th day, 154 ± 14 (44 ± 4%) on the 6th day, 140 ± 12 mm² (40 ± 2 %) on the 7th day, respectively. In conclusion, the postnatal involution of the adrenals was documented by ultrasound.

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“…In particular a right adrenal gland is identified in essentially 100% of newborns. 1 The absence of identifiable adrenal glands suggests either deficient adrenocorticotropin hormone or adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC). The latter is a rare condition.…”

Section: Denouement and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Congenital adenohypophysis aplasia

Herman

Siegel

2008

J Perinatol

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Case A 3190-gram infant was born at 39 weeks gestation to a 28-year-old gravida 3 para 2 mother after an uncomplicated pregnancy. The baby was lethargic at birth and required stimulation. A very small phallus was noted. Because of lethargy a serum glucose level was obtained which was 20 mg%. The patient was given a bolus of 4 ml kg À1 D10 glucose-saline solution. However, to maintain normal serum glucose levels, the baby was maintained on 1.5 ml/kg/h of D10. An abdominal sonogram ( Figure 1) and cranial magnetic resonance imaging (Figures 2 and 3) were obtained. Denouement and discussionThe abdominal sonogram failed to demonstrate an adrenal gland on either side. Although criteria are better established for congenital adrenal hyperplasia, measurable adrenal glands should be present in the normal neonate. In particular a right adrenal gland is identified in essentially 100% of newborns.1 The absence of identifiable adrenal glands suggests either deficient adrenocorticotropin hormone or adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC). The latter is a rare condition. It occurs in two histological forms: the miniature adult form and the cyomegalic form.2 The miniature adult variety AHC has a tiny gland with a permanent cortex making up almost the entirety of the gland. This condition can be inherited as an autosomal recessive condition or be sporadic.3 The cytomegalic variety of AHC is an X-linked recessive condition and is associated with the IMAGe syndrome. X-linked AHC is due to mutations in the DAX-l and associated with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. 4 IMAGe syndrome is a presumed autosomal recessive condition consisting of intrauterine growth retardation, metaphyseal dysplasia, adrenal hypoplasia congenita, and genital abnormalities. The pathology of the adrenal glands in IMAGe syndrome and X-linked AHC is similar. A definitive adrenal cortex is not present and the cortical cells that are present are markedly enlarged eosinophilic irregular cells with nuclear inclusions.3 In this patient the cortisol level was found to be low; 1.5 mg 100 ml À1 (normal 4.3 to 22.4), but the ACTH level was 5 pg ml À1 (normal 10 to 60), and the thyroxine levels and growth hormone levels were also slightly depressed. The cranial magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated absence of the anterior pituitary with the bright neurohypophysis seen posterior to the optic nerves.

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Sonography of the normal neonatal adrenal gland.

Cited by 71 publications

References 0 publications

Allometric Growth of the Adrenal Gland in Brazilian Fetuses

Allometric Growth of the Adrenal Gland in Brazilian Fetuses

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Adrenal Involution during Antenatal and Neonatal Periods

Congenital adenohypophysis aplasia

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