Soot formation in turbulent nonpremixed kerosine-air flames burning at elevated pressure: Experimental measurement

Young, K. J.; Stewart, C.D.; Moss, J.B.

doi:10.1016/s0082-0784(06)80692-2

Cited by 45 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Experimental studies of higher-C flames on these new burners allow the continuation of a natural progression from simple to complex fuel chemistry. There have been a number of previous experimental investigations of non-premixed turbulent jet flames of heavier hydrocarbon fuels, notably the acetylene flame studies of Magnussen and co-workers, 16,17 ethane, ethylene, propane, and acetylene flame studies by Becker and co-workers, [18][19][20][21] propane flame studies by Nishida and Mukohara, 22 acetylene and ethylene flame studies by Kent and co-workers, 23,24 propane, ethylene and acetylene flame studies by Faeth, Gore, and co-workers, [25][26][27][28][29] ethylene flames by Flower, 30 propane and ethylene flame studies by Turns and co-workers, [31][32][33][34][35] ethylene and kerosene flames by Young et al, 36,37 and ethylene flames by Koylu and co-workers. 38,39 However, the burners employed in these previous studies were not expressly designed with modeling in mind and suffer from one or more important deficiencies in this regard, such as not providing a conditioned coflow of air, having insufficient fuel tube length to ensure a fully developed turbulent pipe flow profile at the nozzle exit, or having a poorly characterized pilot flame exit flow (in terms of velocity and temperature profile).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of “model-friendly” turbulent non-premixed jet burners for C2+ hydrocarbon fuels

Zhang

Shaddix

Schefer

2011

Review of Scientific Instruments

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Experimental measurements in laboratory-scale turbulent burners with well-controlled boundary and flow configurations can provide valuable data for validating models of turbulence-chemistry interactions applicable to the design and analysis of practical combustors. This paper reports on the design of two canonical nonpremixed turbulent jet burners for use with undiluted gaseous and liquid hydrocarbon fuels, respectively. Previous burners of this type have only been developed for fuels composed of H(2), CO, and/or methane, often with substantial dilution. While both new burners are composed of concentric tubes with annular pilot flames, the liquid-fuel burner has an additional fuel vaporization step and an electrically heated fuel vapor delivery system. The performance of these burners is demonstrated by interrogating four ethylene flames and one flame fueled by a simple JP-8 surrogate. Through visual observation, it is found that the visible flame lengths show good agreement with standard empirical correlations. Rayleigh line imaging demonstrates that the pilot flame provides a spatially homogeneous flow of hot products along the edge of the fuel jet. Planar imaging of OH laser-induced fluorescence reveals a lack of local flame extinction in the high-strain near-burner region for fuel jet Reynolds numbers (Re) less than 20,000, and increasingly common extinction events for higher jet velocities. Planar imaging of soot laser-induced incandescence shows that the soot layers in these flames are relatively thin and are entrained into vortical flow structures in fuel-rich regions inside of the flame sheet.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of “model-friendly” turbulent non-premixed jet burners for C2+ hydrocarbon fuels

Zhang

Shaddix

Schefer

2011

Review of Scientific Instruments

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“…The flow of kerosene in the liquid phase was controlled by liquid chromatography pump and was vaporized to the gas phase in the stainless-steel tube, which is wrapped with a heating tape. This was a similar liquid fuel vaporization technique to that used by several researchers [5,15,16]. The fuel analysis summarized in Table 1 indicates that the kerosene fuel contained 79% n-paraffins, 10% cyclo-paraffins, and 11% aromatics.…”

Section: Reburning Burner and Vaporizermentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Soot and Radiation of Post Combustion Simulated Gas from a Gas Generator

Kim¹,

Song²

2018

Energies

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Abstract:It is necessary to install a specific burner system to burn out fuel-rich post combustion gas produced from a gas generator in a rocket engine when the performance of gas generator is separately evaluated in a test facility. Because of the fuel-rich reburning conditions, the burner still emits a significant amount of soot and produces thermal radiation. In this study, a laboratory-scale coflow diffusion burner was developed to examine the effects of fuel composition in combustion products on the soot emission and radiation behavior. The post combustion gas was simulated by adding carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide to two different base fuels: kerosene vapor and ethylene. The radiation flux sensor and laser extinction apparatus were used to measure the radiation intensity and soot emission, respectively, within a flame. The flame length and temperature were measured to examine the combustion behavior of each sooting flame having a strong radiation. Finally, the relationship between soot emission and radiation intensity was proposed based on all the experimental data.

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“…The path integrated laser absorption measurements are inverted tomographically, using Fourier inversion, and cast as radial profiles of soot volume fraction in the Rayleigh limit. The soot refractive index was taken to be 1.92-0.45i in line with earlier Cranfield studies [7]. Table 1 summarises the test conditions.…”

Section: Experimental Detailmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some success has been reported in earlier turbulent flame studies employing probe sampling and mass spectrometric analysis [7]. If the carbon in the mixture sample ingested into the probe can be entirely oxidised to CO 2 -whether unburnt fuel or particulate carbon-it is possible to infer the local mixture fraction from the CO 2 / N 2 mass ratio.…”

Section: Experimental Detailmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling soot formation in a laminar diffusion flame burning a surrogate kerosene fuel

Moss

Aksit

2007

Proceedings of the Combustion Institute

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Soot formation in turbulent nonpremixed kerosine-air flames burning at elevated pressure: Experimental measurement

Cited by 45 publications

References 8 publications

Design of “model-friendly” turbulent non-premixed jet burners for C2+ hydrocarbon fuels

Design of “model-friendly” turbulent non-premixed jet burners for C2+ hydrocarbon fuels

Characteristics of Soot and Radiation of Post Combustion Simulated Gas from a Gas Generator

Modelling soot formation in a laminar diffusion flame burning a surrogate kerosene fuel

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