Soot formation mechanism of modern automobile engines and methods of reducing soot emissions: A review

Jiaqiang, E; Xu, Wanrong; Ma, Yinjie; Tan, Dongli; Peng, Qingguo; Tan, Yan; Chen, Lehan

doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2022.107373

Cited by 28 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 453 publications

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“…Since serious environmental problems, such as climate change, caused by fuel-related pollutant emissions are gaining attention and thus corresponding international regulations are put forward, applying new combustion technologies and new alternative fuels are essential to the current international society. 1,2 One of the most efficient approaches for reducing soot emissions is blending combustion, which causes health problems and is considered as the second largest contributor of climate change. 3 Hydrogen and ammonia are alternative carbonfree fuels and have attracted attention in the academic community.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

H₂/NH₃ Addition Effects on Flame Characteristics and Soot Formation in Ethylene Inverse Diffusion Flame

Zhang

Chu

et al. 2023

Energy Fuels

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Zero-carbon alternative fuels such as hydrogen and ammonia are gaining popularity. Blending these fuels with hydrocarbons is an intermediate approach to mitigate soot and carbon dioxide production. Recent studies have concentrated their attention to the effects of ammonia and hydrogen on the soot production of hydrocarbon fuels. It is still necessary to completely comprehend how this influence is dependent on the type of fuel and flame configuration. In this work, the effect of hydrogen and ammonia addition on soot production in ethylene laminar inverse diffusion flames (IDF) was numerically examined for the first time. The thermal, chemical, and combined effects of hydrogen and ammonia were assessed by fictitious species. The experimental results from the literature were used to validate the temperature and soot volume fraction profiles. Results indicated that the flame temperature and the production of radicals are promoted chemically by hydrogen addition but inhibited under the thermal effect of ammonia. The principal source of the reduction in OH-represented flame height, soot volume fraction, average diameter, and primary particle number density in the IDF is the thermal effect of additives, and hydrogen addition performs better than ammonia. The major and intermediate species, the aromatic hydrocarbons, and the soot formation or oxidation reaction rates are decreased mainly by the hydrogen and ammonia thermal effect while increased moderately by the chemical effect. Therein, the reduction in soot generation is mainly due to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon condensation rate being slowed down by additives. The inhibition is attributed to the thermal effect of additions, and hydrogen behaves better than ammonia.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

H₂/NH₃ Addition Effects on Flame Characteristics and Soot Formation in Ethylene Inverse Diffusion Flame

Zhang

Chu

et al. 2023

Energy Fuels

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“…To comply with these strict standards, researchers have made great efforts to develop DPM control technologies such as using blended fuel, low-ash lubricant, pre-combustion and after-treatment [9]. A widely used technology is diesel particulate filters (DPFs) to trap DPM from the exhaust gases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient simultaneous removal of diesel particulate matter and hydrocarbons from diesel exhaust gas at low temperatures over Cu–CeO₂/Al₂O₃ coupling with dielectric barrier discharge plasma

REN 任,

FANG 方,

ZHANG 张

et al. 2024

Plasma Sci. Technol.

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Diesel particulate matter (DPM) and hydrocarbons (HC) emitted from diesel engines negatively affect air quality and human health. Catalysts for oxidative removals of DPM and HC are currently used universally but the low removal efficiency at low temperatures is a problem. In this study, Cu-doped CeO2 loaded on Al2O3 coupled with plasma was used to enhance DPM and HC low-temperature oxidation. DPM and HC removals at 200 °C using the catalyst were as high as 90% with plasma, while below 30% without plasma. Operando plasma DRIFTS-MS was conducted to reveal the function mechanism of the oxygen species on DPM oxidation process. It was found that Cu-CeO2 can promote the formation of adsorbed oxygen (M+-O2 − ) and terminal oxygen (M=O), which can react with DPM to form carbonates that are easily converted to gaseous CO2. Our results provide a practical plasma catalysis technology to obtain simultaneous removals of DPM and HC at low temperatures.

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“…With the increasing number of domestic car owners, its energy consumption and emissions will also increase, resulting in increased pressure on the domestic crude oil supply, while Chinese coal resources are relatively abundant and inexpensive, reliable sources, the most abundant, reliable, and economic main energy material in China 1 . Using any fuel, there is no way to avoid the soot problem during engine operation 2,3 . Although most of the soot is emitted by the exhaust system, a small amount of soot still enters into the engine, eventually leading to abrasive and adhesive wear, 4,5 increasing the rate of engine damage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tribological properties of Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide modified CS as lubrication additive

Li,

Liu,

Liu

2024

Surface & Interface Analysis

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The coal indirect liquefied diesel soot (Coal‐to‐liquids diesel soot, CS) was collected by a self‐made soot trapper. CS was modified with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and named as CS‐CTAB. The tribological properties of CS and CS‐CTAB in 10#white oil(10#WO) were tested on a WTM‐2E controlled atmosphere miniature friction and wear testing machine. The morphology, composition, and tribological mechanism of CS and modified CS‐CTAB were studied by using TEM, XPS, XRD, Raman, and other instruments. The results showed that CS modified by CTAB is wrapped and entangled in long chains. Their main structure components are all amorphous carbon with a small amount of graphite crystallites. The addition of CS‐CTAB (0.8 wt%) significantly reduces both AFC and wear rate, with reductions of 32.9% for AFC, and 65.6% for wear rate compared to no additive. The anti‐friction and anti‐wear effect of CS is greatly improved after being modified by CTAB. Mechanism analysis shows that CS as a lubricant additive, acts as a micro‐bearing in the friction process and falls off under the action of shear force to generate an independent graphite sheet, thus forming a graphite protective film on the surface of 304 stainless steel plate. However, CS has the defects of low graphitization degree, large particle size, and easy agglomeration. During friction, uneven adsorption of CS on the surface can worsen wear. However, CTAB modification can improve dispersion stability in 10#WO and effectively reduce wear on the friction surface.

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Soot formation mechanism of modern automobile engines and methods of reducing soot emissions: A review

Cited by 28 publications

References 453 publications

H₂/NH₃ Addition Effects on Flame Characteristics and Soot Formation in Ethylene Inverse Diffusion Flame

H₂/NH₃ Addition Effects on Flame Characteristics and Soot Formation in Ethylene Inverse Diffusion Flame

Efficient simultaneous removal of diesel particulate matter and hydrocarbons from diesel exhaust gas at low temperatures over Cu–CeO₂/Al₂O₃ coupling with dielectric barrier discharge plasma

Tribological properties of Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide modified CS as lubrication additive

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Soot formation mechanism of modern automobile engines and methods of reducing soot emissions: A review

Cited by 28 publications

References 453 publications

H2/NH3 Addition Effects on Flame Characteristics and Soot Formation in Ethylene Inverse Diffusion Flame

H2/NH3 Addition Effects on Flame Characteristics and Soot Formation in Ethylene Inverse Diffusion Flame

Efficient simultaneous removal of diesel particulate matter and hydrocarbons from diesel exhaust gas at low temperatures over Cu–CeO2/Al2O3 coupling with dielectric barrier discharge plasma

Tribological properties of Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide modified CS as lubrication additive

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

H₂/NH₃ Addition Effects on Flame Characteristics and Soot Formation in Ethylene Inverse Diffusion Flame

H₂/NH₃ Addition Effects on Flame Characteristics and Soot Formation in Ethylene Inverse Diffusion Flame

Efficient simultaneous removal of diesel particulate matter and hydrocarbons from diesel exhaust gas at low temperatures over Cu–CeO₂/Al₂O₃ coupling with dielectric barrier discharge plasma