Soot on Snow experiment: bidirectional reflectance factor measurements of contaminated snow

Peltoniemi, Jouni; Gritsevich, Maria; Hakala, Teemu; Dagsson-Waldhauserová, Pavla; Arnalds, Ólafur; Anttila, Kati; Hannula, Henna-Reetta; Kivekäs, Niku; Lihavainen, Heikki; Meinander, Outi; Svensson, Jonas; Virkkula, Aki; Leeuw, Gerrit de

doi:10.5194/tc-9-2323-2015

Cited by 60 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Summing up all the uncertainties yields the value of surface tail is consistent with reflectance for snow samples with melting and refreezing cycle (Wiscombe and Warren, 1980), and agrees with reflectance for snow samples in presence of volcanic sand and soot (Peltoniemi et al, 2015). Figure 10 shows the monthly CALIOP surface reflectance at 532 nm for clear sky conditions in 2009, color-coded according to the retrieved surface reflectance.…”

Section: Performance Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 65%

Laser pulse bidirectional reflectance from CALIPSO mission

Yang

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract. This paper presents an innovative retrieval method that translates the CALIOP land surface laser pulse returns into the surface bidirectional reflectance. To better analyze the surface returns, the CALIOP receiver impulse response and the downlinked samples' distribution at 30 m resolution are discussed. The saturated laser pulse magnitudes from snow and ice 10 surfaces are recovered based on surface tail information. The retrieved snow surface bidirectional reflectance is compared with reflectance from both CALIOP cloud cover regions and MODIS BRDF/Albedo model parameters. In addition to the surface bidirectional reflectance, the column top-of-atmosphere bidirectional reflectances are calculated from the CALIOP lidar background data and compared with the bidirectional reflectances derived from WFC radiance measurements. The retrieved CALIOP surface bidirectional reflectance and column top-of-atmosphere bidirectional reflectance results provide 15 unique information to complement existing MODIS standard data products and are expected to have valuable applications for modellers.

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Section: Performance Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 65%

Laser pulse bidirectional reflectance from CALIPSO mission

Yang

et al. 2018

Preprint

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“…Previous experiments with sea ice simulators have been carried out by, for example, Light et al (2015), Buist et al (2011), Papadimitriou et al (2003, Haas et al (1999), Polach et al (2013), Hare et al (2013) and Grenfell and Perovich (1981). The setup of the simulator is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Sea Ice Simulator Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous sea ice simulators use either sodium chloride or synthetic sea salt mixtures similar to Tropic Marin (e.g. Krembs et al, 2001;Mock et al, 2002;Papadimitriou et al, 2003;Hare et al, 2013). To create circulation within the tank, ensuring temperature and salinity stratification does not occur, an Iwaki MD-10 pump circulates water at ∼ 10 L min −1 at the base of the tank, as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Sea Ice Simulator Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, Brandt et al (2011) investigated the effect of black carbon on albedo of artificial snowpacks using snowmaking machines, showing a good match between measured values and albedos calculated from radiative-transfer modelling. Peltoniemi et al (2015) measured the effect on snow bidirectional reflectance owing to additions of chimney soot, volcanic sand and glaciogenic silt, demonstrating how snow metamorphism caused by the addition of these particles subsequently impacted on the albedo.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optical properties of sea ice doped with black carbon – an experimental and radiative-transfer modelling comparison

2017

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Abstract. Radiative-transfer calculations of the light reflectivity and extinction coefficient in laboratory-generated sea ice doped with and without black carbon demonstrate that the radiative-transfer model TUV-snow can be used to predict the light reflectance and extinction coefficient as a function of wavelength. The sea ice is representative of first-year sea ice containing typical amounts of black carbon and other light-absorbing impurities. The experiments give confidence in the application of the model to predict albedo of other sea ice fabrics.Sea ices, ∼ 30 cm thick, were generated in the Royal Holloway Sea Ice Simulator (∼ 2000 L tanks) with scattering cross sections measured between 0.012 and 0.032 m 2 kg −1 for four ices. Sea ices were generated with and without ∼ 5 cm upper layers containing particulate black carbon. Nadir reflectances between 0.60 and 0.78 were measured along with extinction coefficients of 0.1 to 0.03 cm −1 (efolding depths of 10-30 cm) at a wavelength of 500 nm. Values were measured between light wavelengths of 350 and 650 nm. The sea ices generated in the Royal Holloway Sea Ice Simulator were found to be representative of natural sea ices.Particulate black carbon at mass ratios of ∼ 75, ∼ 150 and ∼ 300 ng g −1 in a 5 cm ice layer lowers the albedo to 97, 90 and 79 % of the reflectivity of an undoped "clean" sea ice (at a wavelength of 500 nm).

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“…Brandt et al (2011) measured the snow albedo resulting from mixing commerciallyavailable soot into tap water and spraying the mixture through a commercially-available snow-making machine over a field of 35 artificial snowpack, produced with the same means. More recently, Peltoniemi et al (2015) distributed chimney soot, glaciated silt, and volcanic sand onto the snow surface using a "salt shaker" in an attempt to measure the bidirectional reflectance factor of the resulting, contaminated snow. In addition, the snow albedo response to absorbing impurities on snow has been characterized by Singh et al (2010) "spraying…soil equally on the surface".…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Apparatus for Dry Deposition of Aerosols on Snow

Beres¹,

Moosmüller²

2018

Preprint

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Abstract. Deposition of light absorbing aerosol on snow can drastically change the albedo of the snow surface and the energy balance of the snowpack. To study these important effects experimentally and to compare with theory, it is desirable to have an apparatus for such deposition experiments. Here, we describe a simple apparatus to generate and evenly deposit light absorbing aerosols onto a flat snow surface. Aerosols are produced (combustion aerosols) or entrained (mineral dust aerosols) 10 and continuously transported into a deposition chamber placed on the snow surface where they deposit onto and into the snowpack, thereby modifying its surface reflectance and albedo. We demonstrate field operation of this apparatus by generating black and brown carbon combustion aerosols and entraining hematite mineral dust aerosol and depositing them on the snowpack. Changes in spectral snow reflectance is demonstrated qualitatively through pictures of snow surfaces after aerosol deposition and quantitatively by measuring hemispherical-conical reflectance spectra for the deposited areas and for 15 adjacent snowpack in its natural state. Additional potential applications for this apparatus are mentioned and briefly discussed.

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Soot on Snow experiment: bidirectional reflectance factor measurements of contaminated snow

Cited by 60 publications

References 43 publications

Laser pulse bidirectional reflectance from CALIPSO mission

Laser pulse bidirectional reflectance from CALIPSO mission

Optical properties of sea ice doped with black carbon – an experimental and radiative-transfer modelling comparison

Apparatus for Dry Deposition of Aerosols on Snow

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