Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck of Apple: Etiology, Biology, and Control

Williamson, S. M.; Sutton, T. B.

doi:10.1094/pdis.2000.84.7.714

Cited by 62 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Z. jamaicensis originally was described from banana leaves collected in Jamaica, with conidia cited as being 15-18 3 4-5 mm (Martyn 1945). Ellis (1971) reported conidia to be 13-20 3 5-6 mm, while Williamson and Sutton (2000) cited them as 13-20 3 4-6 mm, whereas the present study found conidia of S. pomi to be 1(-7)-septate, prominently constricted at septa, (20-)22-25(-30) 3 5-7(-8) mm if 1-septate, but up to 110 mm long if 7-septate. Thus it is likely that there are additional Zygophiala species associated with flyspeck signs.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 68%

Four species of Zygophiala (Schizothyriaceae, Capnodiales) are associated with the sooty blotch and flyspeck complex on apple

Batzer

Arias²,

Harrington³

et al. 2008

Mycologia

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Sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) is a complex of fungi that cause late-season blemishes of apple and pear fruit that cosmetically damage the cuticle, which result in fruit that are unacceptable to consumers. Previous studies reported that a single, wide-host-range species, Schizothyrium pomi (presumed anamorph Zygophiala jamaicensis), caused flyspeck on apple. In the present study we compared morphology and DNA phylogeny (ITS, LSU) of 139 fungal strains isolated from flyspeck signs from 39 apple orchards in 14 midwestern and eastern states (USA). Parsimony analysis, supported by cultural characteristics and morphology in vitro, provided support to delimit the flyspeck isolates into four species of Zygophiala, two of which are known to be sexual. Three of these species are described as new. Based on DNA phylogeny, species of Schizothyrium were shown to cluster with members of the genus Mycosphaerella in the Capnodiales, having similar asci and ascospores but morphologically distinct ascomata. These data question the value of ascomatal morphology at the ordinal level, although it still appears to be relevant at the family level, delimiting the thyrothecial Schizothyriaceae from other families in the Capnodiales.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 68%

Four species of Zygophiala (Schizothyriaceae, Capnodiales) are associated with the sooty blotch and flyspeck complex on apple

Batzer

Arias²,

Harrington³

et al. 2008

Mycologia

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“…Williamson and Sutton (70) pieced together the tangled history of SBFS taxonomy from 1832 to 1997. Initially thought to be caused by a single species of fungus, SBFS was reclassified as two species in 1920 (13).…”

Section: Taxonomy Diversity Biogeography and Paradigmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New View of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck

et al. 2011

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Sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) fungi colonize the surface wax layer of the fruit of apple, pear, persimmon, banana, orange, papaya, and several other cultivated tree and vine crops. In addition to colonizing cultivated fruit crops, SBFS fungi also grow on the surfaces of stems, twigs, leaves, and fruit of a wide range of wild plants. The disease occurs worldwide in regions with moist growing seasons. SBFS is regarded as a serious disease by fruit growers and plant pathologists because it can cause substantial economic damage. The smudges and stipples of SBFS often result in downgrading of fruit from premium fresh-market grade to processing use. This review describes the major shifts that have occurred during the past decade in understanding the genetic diversity of the SBFS complex, clarifying its biogeography and environmental biology, and developing improved management strategies.

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“…is caused by a complex of fungal species (Díaz Arias et al, 2010) which blemishes the epicuticular wax layer of fruit (Williamson & Sutton, 2000;Batzer et al, 2005). In the United States, SBFS epidemics may lead to downgrading fruit from premium fresh-market grade to processing use (Sutton & Sutton, 1994;Williamson & Sutton, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In North Carolina, USA, Brown & Sutton (1995) reported cumulative hours of leaf wetness duration (LWD) to timing of appearance of the first SBFS signs on apples. The original and modified versions of this system (named the Brown-Sutton-Hartman system) were validated in field trials across North American production regions during the late 1990s (Williamson & Sutton, 2000;Babadoost et al, 2004;Duttweiler et al, 2008). The Brown-Sutton-Hartmann system has helped growers to reduce the frequency of sprays in apple orchards, but results have sometimes been inconsistent (Babadoost et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sooty blotch and flyspeck control with fungicide applications based on calendar, local IPM, and warning system

Spolti

Valdebenito‐Sanhueza²,

Ponte

2011

Pesq. agropec. bras.

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-The objective of this work was to compare fungicide application timing for the control of sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) of 'Fuji' apples in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. The following treatments were evaluated in two growing seasons: two warning system-based (modified version of the Brown-Sutton-Hartmann system) spray of captan plus thiophanate methyl, with or without summer pruning; two calendar/rain-based spray of captan or a mixture of captan plus thiophanate methyl; fungicide spray timing based on a local integrated pest management (IPM) for the control of summer diseases; and a check without spraying. Sooty blotch and flyspeck incidence over time and their severity at harvest were evaluated. The highest number of spray was required by calendar/rain-based treatments (eight and seven sprays in the sequential years). The warning system recommended five and three sprays, in the sequential years, which led to the highest SBFS control efficacy expressed by the reduced initial inoculum and disease progress rate. Summer pruning enhanced SBFS control efficacy, especially by suppressing SBFS signs which tended to be restrained to the peduncle region of the fruit. Sooty blotch and flyspeck can be managed both with calendar and the grower-based IPM practices in Brazil, but a reduced number of sprays is required when the warning system is used.Index terms: Malus domestica, disease forecasting, fungicide management, integrated pest managemet. Controle de fuligem e sujeira-de-mosca com aplicações de fungicidas baseadas em calendário, MIP local e sistema de alertaResumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar épocas de aplicação de fungicida para o controle da fuligem e sujeira-de-mosca (FSM) em maçãs 'Fuji' no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram avaliados os seguintes tratamentos em dois ciclos de produção: dois baseados em sistema de previsão (modificação do sistema Brown-Sutton-Hartmann), com aplicação de captan em mistura com tiofanato metílico, com ou sem poda de verão; dois baseados em calendário ou ocorrência de chuva, com aplicação de captan ou mistura deste com tiofanato metílico; aplicação de fungicidas com base no manejo integrado de pragas (MIP) local para o controle de doenças de verão; e testemunha sem aplicação de fungicida. A incidência de FSM foi avaliada ao longo do tempo, e a severidade, na colheita. O maior número de aplicações (oito e sete em anos sequenciais) foi necessário nos tratamentos com recomendação de aplicação baseada no calendário. O sistema de previsão recomendou cinco e três aplicações, o que levou à maior eficiência de controle de FSM, pela redução de inóculo e da taxa de progresso da doença. A poda de verão incrementou a eficácia do controle da doença, especialmente pela restrição dos sinais de FSM na região peduncular do fruto. A FSM pode ser controlada tanto com o método do calendário, quanto com o uso das práticas de MIP com manejo local, mas o controle baseado no sistema de previsão requer menor número de aplicações.Termos para indexação: Malus domestica, previsão de d...

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Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck of Apple: Etiology, Biology, and Control

Cited by 62 publications

References 28 publications

Four species of Zygophiala (Schizothyriaceae, Capnodiales) are associated with the sooty blotch and flyspeck complex on apple

Four species of Zygophiala (Schizothyriaceae, Capnodiales) are associated with the sooty blotch and flyspeck complex on apple

A New View of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck

Sooty blotch and flyspeck control with fungicide applications based on calendar, local IPM, and warning system

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