Pollution generated by wastewater containing inorganic pollutants, such as heavy metals, has always been considered a real problem for our planet. Therefore, the removal of these micropollutants from polluted water is a valuable intervention to preserve human health and the environment. Many conventional methods are used today to treat wastewater, such as membrane filtration, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, and adsorption by activated carbon, but the operating cost they generate has restricted their use. To overcome this limitation, scientists have focused for always on the application of marine resources to clean up the environment. The adsorption of heavy metals by biosorbents obtained from algae has been widely studied for wastewater treatment, as the exploitation of this biomass has the advantage of being a low cost, renewable and abundant biological raw material, and its use as a biosorbent is also a great alternative to activated carbon. The sorption capacity of the vegetable adsorbent is depending on chemical constitution of their cell wall and the presence of macromolecules with various functional groups that interact with metal ions. We review in this chapter, (1) the challenges associated with heavy metals, such as water pollution, hazardous effects, and their removal techniques including biosorption based on algae biopolymers, such as alginate and carrageenan, (2) the main chemical and structural compounds of macroalgae responsible for the metal ions removal, (3) current knowledge on the potential of macroalgae regarding their pharmacological applications and possible biosorbents prepared from them for the removal of metal ions from aqueous solutions.