Sorting out “non‐canonical” autophagy

Fracchiolla, Dorotea; Martens, Sascha

doi:10.15252/embj.201798895

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…This noncanonical pathway underscores the complexity of the molecular aspects of autophagy and the possibility that autophagy may be modulated in special circumstances (e.g., pathogens) . Thus, it is becoming apparent that the formation of noncanonical APs can bypass some of the essential steps in macroautophagy, although these alternative mechanisms are currently under debate. Although CMA and microautophagy are implicated in diseases, this review will focus on a brief overview of the molecular mechanisms and regulation of mammalian macroautophagy (hereafter simply referred to as autophagy), which play important physiological and pathological roles in human health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular regulation of autophagy machinery by mTOR‐dependent and ‐independent pathways

Al‐Bari

2020

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

206

109

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Macroautophagy is a lysosomal degradative pathway or recycling process that maintains cellular homeostasis. This autophagy involves a series of sequential processing events, such as initiation; elongation and nucleation of the isolation membrane; cargo recruitment and maturation of the autophagosome (AP); transport of the AP; docking and fusion of the AP with a late endosome or lysosome; and regeneration of the lysosome by the autophagic lysosomal reformation cycle. These events are critically coordinated by the action of a set of several key components, including autophagy‐related proteins (Atg), and regulated by intricate networks, such as mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a master regulator of autophagy, as well as mTOR‐independent signaling pathways. Among mTOR‐independent pathways, the transient receptor potential (TRP) calcium ion channel TRPML (mucolipin) subfamily is emerging as an important signaling channel to modulate lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy. This review discusses the recent advances in elucidating the molecular mechanisms and regulation of the autophagy process. Understanding these mechanisms may ultimately allow scientists and clinicians to control this process in order to improve human health.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular regulation of autophagy machinery by mTOR‐dependent and ‐independent pathways

Al‐Bari

2020

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

206

109

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“…An important step for PE conjugation of ATG8 is its (pre-)processing by the cysteine protease ATG4, which exposes a C-terminal glycine residue essential for lipid conjugation 18 . Although canonically LC3 lipidation has been associated with the autophagy pathway, recently this modification has been reported to occur during autophagy-unrelated processes 19 . For instance, in nonneuronal cells LC3 can be attached to the plasma membrane during virus infection 20 or it can be conjugated to endolysosomal membranes 21 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Autophagy lipidation machinery regulates axonal microtubule dynamics but is dispensable for survival of mammalian neurons

et al. 2020

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Neurons maintain axonal homeostasis via employing a unique organization of the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton, which supports axonal morphology and provides tracks for intracellular transport. Abnormal MT-based trafficking hallmarks the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases, but the exact mechanism regulating MT dynamics in axons remains enigmatic. Here we report on a regulation of MT dynamics by AuTophaGy(ATG)-related proteins, which previously have been linked to the autophagy pathway. We find that ATG proteins required for LC3 lipid conjugation are dispensable for survival of excitatory neurons and instead regulate MT stability via controlling the abundance of the MT-binding protein CLASP2. This function of ATGs is independent of their role in autophagy and requires the active zone protein ELKS1. Our results highlight a non-canonical role of ATG proteins in neurons and suggest that pharmacological activation of autophagy may not only promote the degradation of cytoplasmic material, but also impair axonal integrity via altering MT stability.

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“…Also, immune complexes and dying cells can trigger LAP (86). Furthermore, LAP is an important mediator in the response to immune tolerance, in addition to participating in the degradation of engulfed pathogens (87). With increased research on non-canonical autophagy, the concept of autophagy has been better understood and appreciated.…”

Section: Overview Of Autophagymentioning

confidence: 99%

Crosstalk between cGAS-STING pathway and autophagy in cancer immunity

Chen

et al. 2023

Front. Immunol.

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The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway is critical in cancer immunity. Autophagy is a highly conserved process that is responsible for the degradation of cytoplasmic material and is involved in both innate and adaptive immunity. Recently, cGAS-STING and autophagy have been shown to be interconnected, which may influence the progression of cancer. Although cGAS-STING and autophagy have been shown to be interrelated in innate immunity, little has been reported about cancer immunity. As cancer immunity is key to treating tumors, it is essential to summarize the relationship and interactions between the two. Based on this, we systematically sorted out the recent findings of cGAS-STING and autophagy in cancer immunity and explored the interactions between cGAS-STING and autophagy, although these interactions have not been extensively studied. Lastly, we provide an outlook on how cGAS-STING and autophagy can be combined, with the hope that our research can help people better understand their potential roles in cancer immunity and bring light to the treatment of cancer.

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Sorting out “non‐canonical” autophagy

Cited by 7 publications

References 13 publications

Molecular regulation of autophagy machinery by mTOR‐dependent and ‐independent pathways

Molecular regulation of autophagy machinery by mTOR‐dependent and ‐independent pathways

Autophagy lipidation machinery regulates axonal microtubule dynamics but is dispensable for survival of mammalian neurons

Crosstalk between cGAS-STING pathway and autophagy in cancer immunity

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