Each of our senses is 'blind' to some features of objects and events (e.g., hearing can tell us little or nothing about the shape, colour, and weight of an object, or about how it might taste or smell). When we listen to sounds without support from other sensory modalities, such as when listening to recorded music, how do will fill-in these blind spots? Evidence identifying a core set of cross-sensory correspondences among basic stimulus features is reviewed, and it is proposed that they offer a potential basis for the filling-in of information that is missing when one or more sensory systems is not available. An emerging theoretical framework for understanding correspondences and their impact on behaviour is presented. Evidence pertaining to key features of the framework is reviewed, including that cross-sensory correspondences are based on crosstalk among conceptual representations of aligned feature dimensions, are bi-directional in their effects, obey transitivity in the feature associations they support, involve the relative (context-sensitive) coding of stimulus features, and can be accessed through the verbal specification of feature values. After illustrating how cross-sensory correspondences are able to embrace basic features of bodily actions, gestures, and vocalisations, their potential for exploitation in the communication of ideas is explained. The relevance of cross-sensory correspondences to musical sounds, and their potential to enhance the composition, performance, and appreciation of music, are discussed.
Running head: CROSS-SENSORY CORRESPONDENCES 3Cross-Sensory Correspondences: A Theoretical Framework and Their
Relevance to MusicIn our everyday interactions with the environment we gather information about objects and events simultaneously through different sensory modalities, with the acquisition of information about some features of objects and events being duplicated across modalities. For example, vision and touch can both discern the size and shape of a tangible object, though touch normally requires the object to be within reach. In such cases of duplication it need not be a problem if, for some reason, one of the modalities cannot be used, because the same information can be gathered using a modality that is available (e.g., when vision confirms the size and shape of a tangible object that is out of reach).Information about some features, however, is available only through a single modality. A novel object's brightness and colour, for example, can be identified only through vision, the pitch of the sound it is making only through audition, and its weight only through dynamic touch. In such cases problems do arise when the modality best placed to provide information about a particular feature is not available, and there is considerable interest in how the 'blind spots' this creates are filled-in. How is it that in everyday life we readily refer to, for example, the brightness of a sound that cannot be seen, the loudness of a shirt that cannot be heard, and the thickness and heavi...