Sound Source and Loudspeaker Base Angle Dependency of Phantom Image Elevation Effect

Lee, Hyunkook

doi:10.17743/jaes.2017.0028

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The 4 kHz band is mapped to 'front' localisation by Blauert. However, in a phantom image condition, which is the case in the present study, Lee [23] showed that, with a pair of loudspeakers elevated at 30° from the listener's ear position, a 4 kHz octave band noise was perceived to be elevated at the same height as the loudspeakers, due to the phantom image elevation effect [24,25]. Therefore, by reducing the energy of this band in the height layer, the perceived elevation of a phantom image that results from the vertical quadraphonic reproduction might be reduced.…”

Section: Test Stimulimentioning

confidence: 89%

Localisation of Vertical Auditory Phantom Image with Band-limited Reductions of Vertical Interchannel Crosstalk

Wallis

2020

Applied Sciences

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Direct sound that is captured by the upper layer of a three-dimensional (3D) microphone array is typically regarded as vertical interchannel crosstalk (VIC), since it tends to produce an undesired effect of the sound source image being elevated from the ear-level loudspeaker layer position (0°) in reproduction. The present study examined the effectiveness of band-limited VIC attenuation methods on preventing the vertical image shift problem. In a subjective experiment, five natural sound sources were presented as vertically-oriented phantom images while using two stereophonic loudspeaker pairs elevated at 0° and 30° in front of the listener. The upper layer signal (i.e., VIC) was attenuated in various octave-band-dependent conditions that were based on vertical localisation thresholds obtained from previous studies. The results showed that it was possible to achieve the goal of panning the phantom image at the same height as the image produced by the main loudspeaker layer by attenuating only a single octave band with the centre frequency of 4 kHz or 8 kHz or multiple bands at 1 kHz and above. This has a useful practical implication in 3D sound recording and mixing where a vertically oriented phantom image is rendered.

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Section: Test Stimulimentioning

confidence: 89%

Localisation of Vertical Auditory Phantom Image with Band-limited Reductions of Vertical Interchannel Crosstalk

Wallis

2020

Applied Sciences

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“…Informal auditioning of the synthesized stimuli, using the above BRIRs, revealed that the excerpts representing the BF scene had distinctively different timbral characteristics (being perceived as "duller") and appeared to be elevated, compared to those exhibiting the FB scene. The elevation effect could be explained by the fact of using binaural responses from the widely spaced loudspeakers (±110 • ), as demonstrated by Lee [39].…”

Section: Database Of Binaural Room Impulse Responsesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Automatic Spatial Audio Scene Classification in Binaural Recordings of Music

Zieliński

2019

Applied Sciences

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The aim of the study was to develop a method for automatic classification of the three spatial audio scenes, differing in horizontal distribution of foreground and background audio content around a listener in binaurally rendered recordings of music. For the purpose of the study, audio recordings were synthesized using thirteen sets of binaural-room-impulse-responses (BRIRs), representing room acoustics of both semi-anechoic and reverberant venues. Head movements were not considered in the study. The proposed method was assumption-free with regards to the number and characteristics of the audio sources. A least absolute shrinkage and selection operator was employed as a classifier. According to the results, it is possible to automatically identify the spatial scenes using a combination of binaural and spectro-temporal features. The method exhibits a satisfactory classification accuracy when it is trained and then tested on different stimuli but synthesized using the same BRIRs (accuracy ranging from 74% to 98%), even in highly reverberant conditions. However, the generalizability of the method needs to be further improved. This study demonstrates that in addition to the binaural cues, the Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients constitute an important carrier of spatial information, imperative for the classification of spatial audio scenes.

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“…These directional bands yielded spatial perception in the median plane that were independent of the actual location of the sound source [13]. The frequency dominance in vertical localization reported in those studies also implies the illusory elevation of a sound source, which has been investigated in various studies until present [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][10][11][12].…”

Section: Spatial Hearing Research On Vertical Localizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lee extensively investigated the illusory sound source elevation effect from a pair of symmetrically positioned loudspeakers [32][33][34][10][11][12]. This phenomenon, referred to as the phantom image elevation effect, appears when two loudspeakers in the horizontal plane emit the same signal, thus creating a "phantom image" at the midpoint of the loudspeaker pair.…”

Section: Spatial Hearing Research On Vertical Localizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertical Direction Control Using Difference-Spectrum Filters in Stereophonic Loudspeaker Reproduction

Kim¹,

Pöntynen²,

Pulkki³

2022

J. Audio Eng. Soc.

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This paper introduces difference-spectrum filters that can be used to control the perceived vertical direction of a sound source presented from ear-level loudspeakers. The differencespectrum filter was designed to mimic the macroscopic changes in the spectral envelope of head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) between a target elevation angle and the ear-level elevation (0 • ), where the HRTF envelopes were obtained from averaging an extensive collection of individual HRTFs in a database. Localization tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of difference-spectrum filters on elevation perception, which showed a promising result in the two-channel stereophonic condition for the virtual sound source. The perceived elevation correlated well with the target elevation angle of difference-spectrum filters in the stereophonic condition, although a weak correlation was observed in the monophonic condition. Thus, the test results show that difference-spectrum filters can create robust illusory elevation perception and enable vertical direction control over a wide range of elevation angles in stereophonic loudspeaker reproduction.

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Sound Source and Loudspeaker Base Angle Dependency of Phantom Image Elevation Effect

Cited by 8 publications

References 32 publications

Localisation of Vertical Auditory Phantom Image with Band-limited Reductions of Vertical Interchannel Crosstalk

Localisation of Vertical Auditory Phantom Image with Band-limited Reductions of Vertical Interchannel Crosstalk

Automatic Spatial Audio Scene Classification in Binaural Recordings of Music

Vertical Direction Control Using Difference-Spectrum Filters in Stereophonic Loudspeaker Reproduction

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