Sound transmission by cartilage conduction in ear with fibrotic aural atresia

Morimoto, Chihiro; Nishimura, Tadashi; Hosoi, Hiroshi; Saito, Osamu; Fukuda, Fumi; Shimokura, Ryota; Yamanaka, Toshiaki

doi:10.1682/jrrd.2013.05.0128

Cited by 40 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The previous study found a great benefit of CC hearing aids, particularly to the ear with fibrotic aural atresia. Fibrotic tissue connected to the ossicles provides an additional pathway (termed fibrotic tissue pathway) for sound to reach the cochlea by means of CC [10]. Not the airborne sound but the vibration of the fibrotic tissue mediates the sound transmission in the ear with fibrotic aural atresia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Not the airborne sound but the vibration of the fibrotic tissue mediates the sound transmission in the ear with fibrotic aural atresia. Sound in the low to middle frequency range is transmitted more efficiently by CC than BC, although the CC transducer is placed with a negligibly small fixation pressure [10]. Direct vibration of the aural cartilage is very effective form to generate not only sound but also vibration in the ear canal, which may be responsible for effective sound transmission for an acquired aural atresia with fibrotic tissue pathway [8,10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It differs substantially from a BC transducer in that it is small, lightweight, and can be attached comfortably to the ear with a very small fixation force. Possible applications of CC include hearing aids [7][8][9], and efficient delivery of sound to an ear with fibrotic aural atresia [10]. Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cartilage conduction efficiently generates airborne sound in the ear canal

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cartilage conduction efficiently generates airborne sound in the ear canal

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“…1(a)]. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] The transducer is composed of a piezoelectric bimorph covered in elastic material. The elastic covering broadens the spectral range of the vibration output.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cartilage conduction hearing

Shimokura

Hosoi

Nishimura

et al. 2014

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Sound information is known to travel to the cochlea via either air or bone conduction. However, a vibration signal, delivered to the aural cartilage via a transducer, can also produce a clearly audible sound. This type of conduction has been termed "cartilage conduction." The aural cartilage forms the outer ear and is distributed around the exterior half of the external auditory canal. In cartilage conduction, the cartilage and transducer play the roles of a diaphragm and voice coil of a loudspeaker, respectively. There is a large gap between the impedances of cartilage and skull bone, such that cartilage vibrations are not easily transmitted through bone. Thus, these methods of conduction are distinct. In this study, force was used to apply a transducer to aural cartilage, and it was found that the sound in the auditory canal was amplified, especially for frequencies below 2 kHz. This effect was most pronounced at an application force of 1 N, which is low enough to ensure comfort in the design of hearing aids. The possibility of using force adjustments to vary amplification may also have applications for cell phone design.

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“…For BC, although sounds are radiated into the ear canal, 12 it does not contribute to the thresholds in an open ear.involve the eardrum. Although several studies on CC have been reported, [4][5][6]14 the contribution of the pathway via the eardrum has not been revealed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is cartilage conduction classified into air or bone conduction?

et al. 2013

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Objectives/Hypothesis: The aim of this study was to establish the sound transmission characteristics of cartilage conduction proposed by Hosoi (2004), which is available by a vibration signal delivered to the aural cartilage from a transducer.Study Design: Experimental study. Method: Eight volunteers with normal hearing participated. Thresholds at frequencies of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz for air conduction, bone, and cartilage conductions were measured with and without an earplug. The sound pressure levels on the eardrum at the threshold estimated with a Head and Torso Simulator were compared between air and cartilage conductions. The force levels calibrated with an artificial mastoid at the threshold were compared between bone and cartilage conductions.Results: The difference in the estimated sound pressure levels on the eardrum at the thresholds between air and cartilage conductions were within 10 dB. In contrast, the force levels at the thresholds for cartilage conduction were remarkably lower than those for bone conduction. These findings suggested that sounds were probably transmitted via the eardrum for cartilage conduction. The threshold shifts by an earplug showed no significant difference between bone and cartilage conductions at 0.5 kHz. At 1 and 2 kHz, the threshold-shifts increased significantly in the order of bone, cartilage, and air conductions. These results suggested that airborne sound induced by the vibration of the cartilaginous portion of the ear canal played a significant role in sound transmission for cartilage conduction.Conclusions: Cartilage conduction has different characteristics from conventional air and bone conductions.

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Sound transmission by cartilage conduction in ear with fibrotic aural atresia

Cited by 40 publications

References 24 publications

Cartilage conduction efficiently generates airborne sound in the ear canal

Cartilage conduction efficiently generates airborne sound in the ear canal

Cartilage conduction hearing

Is cartilage conduction classified into air or bone conduction?

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